(a) No later than two years after the completion of the pilot program required by Section 44156 and to the extent authorized by federal law, the state board, in consultation with the bureau and the Department of Motor Vehicles, shall adopt and implement a regulation for a Heavy-Duty Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Program for nongasoline heavy-duty onroad motor vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating of more than 14,000 pounds, as defined by the state board, including, but not limited to, single-vehicle fleets and other vehicles that are registered in another state but operate on California roads. In adopting a regulation implementing the program, the state board shall do all of the following:

1. (1)

   1. (A) Establish test procedures for different motor vehicle model years and emissions control technologies that measure the effectiveness of the control of emissions of oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter. The procedures may include, but are not limited to, procedures for the use of onboard diagnostics system data and test procedures that measure the effectiveness of the control of emissions of greenhouse gases.
   2. (B) In establishing the test procedures pursuant to this paragraph, the state board shall ensure that at least one test procedure does not result in charges, in aggregate, including the compliance fee required pursuant to Section 44154, imposed on owners of vehicles subject to the program that exceed the maximum allowable amount of the compliance fee specified in Section 44154, except for the necessary repair costs to bring a vehicle into compliance with the program. The state board shall ensure that this testing procedure is reasonably accessible to those owners.
2. (2) Require a motor vehicle to pass the test procedures in order to register or operate in the state. The state board may establish in the regulation full or partial exemptions from the requirements of this section for categories of vehicles it determines on the basis of substantial evidence that the economic costs of compliance substantially outweigh the benefits of compliance, including public health benefits.
3. (3) Allow a streamlined process for the owner or operator of a vehicle fleet who has an established compliance history with the program, including, but not limited to, the use of the electronic transmission of emissions data in lieu of the annual physical testing of the vehicles as determined by the state board. The streamlined process shall not include an exemption from the requirements of paragraph (2).
4. (4) Establish program validation methods for evaluating program effectiveness, fraud investigation, and research purposes.

5. (5) Develop and implement enforcement methods to ensure continuing compliance with this section and Section 27153 of the Vehicle Code. The enforcement methods may include, but are not limited to, all of the following:

   1. (A) Visual inspections.
   2. (B) Functional inspections.
   3. (C) Requiring emissions testing of vehicles.
6. (6) Develop, in coordination with the Department of Motor Vehicles, an information technology database to collect and track vehicle test data, assess the data to determine compliance, and regularly generate lists of compliant vehicle identification numbers and transmit them to the Department of Motor Vehicles in order for annual vehicle registration notices to be issued.

7. (7) Exempt all of the following:

   1. (A) Zero-emission motor vehicles.
   2. (B) A publicly owned authorized emergency vehicle operated by a peace officer, as defined in Section 830 of the Penal Code, only as necessary to ensure the ability to respond to emergencies.
   3. (C) An authorized emergency vehicle, as defined in Section 165 of the Vehicle Code, and used for fighting fires or responding to emergency fire calls by entities described in paragraph (2) of subdivision (b) of, or subdivision (c) or (d) of, Section 165 of the Vehicle Code, only as necessary to ensure the ability to respond to emergencies.
   4. (D) A publicly owned authorized emergency vehicle used by an emergency medical technician-paramedic, as defined in Section 1797.84, only as necessary to ensure the ability to respond to emergencies.
   5. (E) A tactical vehicle operated by the military as necessary for testing or training purposes.
   6. (F) New vehicles certified to meet the most stringent optional reduced emissions of oxides of nitrogen emission standard for four years from the time inspections begin under the program.

(c)

1. (1) As part of the program, the state board shall develop a Heavy-Duty Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Compliance Certificate. The state board shall issue the certificate to the legal owner, registered owner, or designee of a vehicle that, at the discretion of the state board, meets the requirements of the program so that vehicle owners and operators may easily demonstrate proof of compliance, as required pursuant to Sections 27158.1 and 27158.2 of the Vehicle Code.

2. (2) The Heavy-Duty Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Compliance Certificate shall contain information determined to be necessary by the state board that includes, but need not be limited to, all of the following:

   1. (A) Date issued.
   2. (B) Date of expiration.
   3. (C) Name and residence or business address or mailing address of the legal owner or registered owner.
   4. (D) Vehicle identification number assigned to the vehicle.
   5. (E) Description of the vehicle that includes the year, make, and model of the vehicle.

(f)

1. (1) The state board shall request a permit to deploy equipment on the state highway system, as defined in Article 3 (commencing with Section 300) of Chapter 2 of Division 1 of the Streets and Highways Code, in accordance with Chapter 3 (commencing with Section 660) of Division 1 of the Streets and Highways Code and in cooperation with the Department of the California Highway Patrol.
2. (2) If the Department of Transportation denies a permit requested by the state board pursuant to paragraph (1), the Department of Transportation shall provide the state board the necessary information regarding how equipment can be deployed in a manner consistent with both the requirements of the program and other laws.

(h)

1. (1)

   1. (A) The state board may issue a citation to the owner of a vehicle in violation of this section or a regulation promulgated pursuant to this section. The state board may require the operator of a vehicle to submit to a test procedure and may specify that refusal to submit is an admission constituting proof of a violation. The state board may require that, when a citation has been issued pursuant to this section, the owner of a vehicle in violation of the regulation shall be required to correct every deficiency specified in the citation within a timeframe determined by the state board, but that is not less than 45 days.
   2. (B) A vehicle used exclusively in the conduct of agricultural operations shall be required to correct deficiencies specified in the citation within a timeframe determined by the state board that is not less than 75 days from the date of the citation.
2. (2) When deciding whether to issue a citation, the state board may take into account whether the owner of the vehicle has obtained a temporary permit to operate the vehicle pursuant to Section 4156.5 of the Vehicle Code.
3. (3) Except as provided in paragraph (4), a vehicle found in violation of this section or a regulation promulgated pursuant to this section shall not be prohibited from being used during this time.
4. (4) Notwithstanding paragraph (3), a vehicle found to have willfully tampered emission controls, including the vehicle’s onboard diagnostics system, shall not be operated.