1. 1. Ion exchange

   (a)

   Intermediate

   All ground waters; competing anion concentrations may affect regeneration frequency

2. 2. Point of use, ion exchange

   (b)

   Basic

   All ground waters; competing anion concentrations may affect regeneration frequency

3. 3. Reverse osmosis

   (c)

   Advanced

   Surface waters usually require pre-filtration

4. 4. Point of use, reverse osmosis

   (b)

   Basic

   Surface waters usually require pre-filtration

5. 5. Lime softening

   (d)

   Advanced

   All waters

6. 6. Green sand filtration

   (e)

   Basic

   All ground waters; competing anion concentrations may affect regeneration frequency

7. 7. Co-precipitation with barium sulfate

   (f)

   Intermediate to advanced

   Ground waters with suitable quality

8. 8. Electrodialysis/electrodialysis reversal

   (g)

   Basic to intermediate

   All ground waters

9. 9. Pre-formed hydrous manganese oxide filtration

   (h)

   Intermediate

   All ground waters

10. 10. Activated alumina

    (a), (i)

    Advanced

    All ground waters; competing anion concentrations may affect regeneration frequency

11. 11. Enhanced coagulation/filtration

    (j)

    Advanced

    Can treat a wide range of water qualities

    Limitation Footnotes:

    ^a The regeneration solution contains high concentrations of the contaminant ions, which could result in disposal issues.

    ^b When point of use devices are used for compliance, programs for long-term operation, maintenance, and monitoring shall be provided by systems to ensure proper performance.

    ^c Reject water disposal may be an issue.

    ^d The combination of variable source water quality and the complexity of the water chemistry involved may make this technology too complex for small systems.

    ^e Removal efficiencies can vary depending on water quality.

    ^f Since the process requires static mixing, detention basins, and filtration, this technology is most applicable to systems with sufficiently high sulfate levels that already have a suitable filtration treatment train in place.

    ^g Applies to ionized radionuclides only.

    ^h This technology is most applicable to small systems with filtration already in place.

    ⁱ Chemical handling during regeneration and pH adjustment may be too difficult for small systems without an operator trained in these procedures.

    ^j This would involve modification to a coagulation/filtration process already in place.

    Table 64447.3-C Best Available Technologies (BATs) for Small Water Systems by System Size Radionuclides

    Compliance Technologies for System Size Categories Based On Population Served

    25-500

    501-3,300

    3,301-10,000

    Unit Technologies

    Contaminant

    (Numbers Correspond to Table 64447.3-B)

    Combined radium-226 and radium-228

    1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

    1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

    1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

    Gross alpha particle activity

    3, 4

    3, 4

    3, 4

    Beta particle activity and photon radioactivity

    1, 2, 3, 4

    1, 2, 3, 4

    1, 2, 3, 4

    Uranium

    1, 2, 4, 10, 11

    1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11

    1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11

The technologies listed in tables 64447.3-A, B and C are the best available technology, treatment technologies, or other means available for achieving compliance with the MCLs for radionuclides in tables 64442 and 64443.

Table 64447.3-A Best Available Technologies (BATs) Radionuclides

Radionuclide

Best Available Technology

Combined radium-226 and radium-228

Ion exchange, reverse osmosis, lime softening

Uranium

Ion exchange, reverse osmosis, lime softening, coagulation/filtration

Gross alpha particle activity

Reverse osmosis

Beta particle and photon radioactivity

Ion exchange, reverse osmosis

Table 64447.3-B Best Available Technologies (BATs) and Limitations for Small Water Systems Radionuclides

Unit Technologies

Limitations (see footnotes)

Operator Skill Level Required

Raw Water Quality Range and Considerations

Note: Authority cited: Section 116370, Health and Safety Code. Reference: Section 116350, Health and Safety Code.

History

1. New section filed 5-12-2006; operative 6-11-2006 (Register 2006, No. 19).