(b) Measurement techniques.

1. (1) Survey measurement techniques shall be designed to eliminate mistakes and minimize or compensate for instrumental, environmental, and operator error.

2. (2) All measurements shall be:

   1. (A) Made to a precision compatible with the size and geometric shape of the parcel; and
   2. (B) Consistent with the accuracy required for the class of property being surveyed.

(c) Monumentation. The surveyor shall cause monuments marking the corners of a parcel to be set as follows:

1. (1) Location.

   1. (A) The surveyor shall locate or confirm the prior location of permanent monuments at each boundary corner of the lot, parcel, tract, or line being surveyed.
   2. (B)

(i) When the placement of a required monument at its proper location is impractical, an offset monument may be set.

1. (ii) The location of said offset monument shall be clearly shown on the plat.

   1. (C) The correctness or incorrectness of previously placed (existing) monuments shall be confirmed by the surveyor, and they shall be shown and referenced on the plat;

2. (2) Type of monument.

   1. (A) The surveyor shall select a type of monument that provides a reasonable degree of permanency consistent with the physical features of the terrain and the intended use of the monument.

   2. (B) The following guidelines shall be followed as closely as is practically possible:

      1. (i) All the monuments shall be clearly marked with the license number of the surveyor setting or responsible for setting the monument;
      2. (ii)

(b) (b) The minimum length for monuments shall be eighteen inches (18”) where applicable.

1. (c) (c) Alternate monument types may be used in asphalt, concrete, or rock surfaces where appropriate (e.g., PK/mag nail with aluminum washer, cotton picker spindle, bridge spike, RR spike, chisel marks); and

   1. (iii)

(a) (a) Any monument set to mark the location of a quarter-corner or a section corner shall be marked with the:

1. (1) (1) Precise corner position;
2. (2) (2) Proper identification of the corner in accordance with the current United States Bureau of Land Management manual; and
3. (3) (3) Year of monumentation.

(b) (b) Letters and numerals on survey monument caps shall be neatly stamped with one-eighth inch (1/8”) or three-sixteenths inch (3/16”) steel dies and oriented to read from the south;

1. (3) Monument accessories.

   1. (A) Any monument found or set marking the location of a quarter (1/4) corner or a section corner, as well as any other corner for which the surveyor desires accessory evidence, shall be referenced by at least two (2) (preferably four [4]) permanent or semipermanent reference objects (sound trees, when available).
   2. (B) Horizontal measurements shall be made from the monumented corner position to the center of the base of reference trees at ground level, and to a readily identifiable point or mark on any other reference objects.
   3. (C) On steep sites where a horizontal distance cannot be easily obtained, slope distance may be used and noted with the accessory information.

   4. (D)

      1. (i) It is encouraged, but not required, to include quarter (1/4) corner and section corner geographic coordinates to the thousandth (.001) of a second or Arkansas plane coordinates to the hundredth (.01) of a foot with an accuracy meeting or exceeding accuracies given in 15 CAR § 281-105.
      2. (ii) Identify the datum and the year of system adjustment for geographic coordinates.
      3. (iii) Identify the year of system adjustment and the grid zone for plane coordinates; and

2. (4)

   1. (A) Existing monuments verified or relied on for survey control, which are not considered permanent (such as a loose mound of stones) should be replaced or supplemented using monumentation standards in subdivision (c)(2) of this section.
   2. (B) Large permanent monuments, such as stone or concrete monuments, should have the precise corner position marked by a chiseled “X” or cross.