This is an appeal from a judgment entered upon a nonsuit in favor of the defendant, Broadway Theatre Company, in an action brought by Alex. Zwickl to recover compensation for injuries received by him, on February 12th, 1926, at two P.M., from a fall upon the sidewalk in front of the defendant's property, caused by slipping upon ice which formed there.
The theory of the plaintiff's case was that the presence of the ice upon the sidewalk was due to the wrongful act or neglect of the defendant, and that, consequently, it was responsible for the injuries received by the plaintiff which were the direct result of such wrongful act or neglect.
At the trial the evidence tended to show (among other things to be stated in the course of this opinion) that the defendant had constructed upon its building a pipe or leader designed to gather together the rain water, or the water resulting from melting snow, which fell upon the roof, and to discharge it through such pipe or leader, which ran down the front of the building, into a covered drain which was laid below the surface of the sidewalk, and thence into the gutter of the street; that this pipe or leader had been permitted by the defendant to become broken and out of repair, in that it did not reach and connect with the drain under the sidewalk, so that the water from the melting snow on the roof, instead of passing down through the leader and drain to the gutter, ran down outside thereof in large quantities and spread upon the sidewalk; and that the ice upon which the plaintiff slipped was formed by the freezing of the water which escaped from the leader by reason of its impaired condition.
The trial judge nonsuited the plaintiff on the ground that the ice had been caused by the diversion of surface waters for which there was no liability upon a landowner.
The learned trial judge considered that he was bound to grant the motion to nonsuit by reason of the case of Jessup v.Bamford Brothers Co., 66 N.J.L. 641. We do not take that view. Undoubtedly, that case is authority for the proposition that an abutting owner, who collects the natural drainage
of water from the roof of his building and discharges it upon the sidewalk through a pipe or other orifice is not liable to a pedestrian who, after this water had frozen upon the sidewalk, slips upon the ice so formed. And the reason for that doctrine is stated to be that the concentration of the flow of water and its altered transmission to and upon the sidewalk is a necessary incident to the legitimate and beneficial user of the property by the owner, and, consequently, any injury arising therefrom is not actionable. If, therefore, the defendant in the present case had merely arranged a pipe or orifice for the purpose of permitting the water which gathered on the roof to fall upon the sidewalk, the doctrine of the Jessup case would be applicable. But the evidence tends to show that the defendant did more than that. It tends to show that it constructed the leader or down pipe connected with the drain under the sidewalk for the purpose of carrying to the gutter of the street the water which accumulated on the roof of its building. And we think that the construction of the covered drain in connection with the down pipe justified the jury in finding, if it saw fit, that the system was designed for the protection of the public, and not solely for the defendant's benefit. Cavanagh v. Hoboken Land, c., Co., 93Id. 163.
Of course, the defendant was under no legal obligation to construct such pipe and drain for the purpose of carrying the water into the gutter of the street (Sewall v. Fox,98 N.J.L. 819); but if it voluntarily assumed to do so, it was bound to use reasonable care to maintain the pipe and drain in such a condition that they would perform the function for which they were in part intended to perform of protecting users of the sidewalk from the dangers of ice formed by freezing water.Cavanagh v. Hoboken Land, c., Co., supra; Wolcott v. NewYork, c., Railroad Co., 68 N.J.L. 421. Of course, the defendant was under no legal obligation to continue such protection indefinitely, and might have abandoned its purpose at its own will, and thus relieved itself of liability to third persons who had knowledge or notice of such abandonment.Cavanagh v. Hoboken Land, c., Co., supra. But in the instant case there was certainly no conclusive
evidence that the plaintiff knew that the defendant was allowing the water to escape, and no conclusive evidence of any abandonment of the defendant's purpose to protect travelers, of which the plaintiff had knowledge or notice, the evidence tending to show that the impaired condition of the drainage system, of which defendant knew but plaintiff did not know, was the result of long continued neglect to make necessary repairs which it expected to make. It was therefore open to the jury to find from the evidence that the defendant had assumed the duty of keeping the sidewalk clear of ice forming from roof drainage by the pipes and underground drain for the protection of the public, and that, whether it had for the time being abandoned that purpose, or had simply neglected to keep the system in repair, the plaintiff had no knowledge or notice of any such abandonment or neglect.Cavanagh v. Hoboken Land, c., Co., supra. And if the jury so found the plaintiff would be entitled to recover unless the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence, which latter question was for the jury, since the evidence tended to show that the plaintiff did not know, and had no reason to know, of the escaping water or of the presence of ice on the sidewalk. Kelly
v. Lembeck, c., Brewing Co., 86 N.J.L. 471; Matheke v.United States Express Co., 86 Id. 586; Durant v. Palmer,29 Id. 544.
The present case is exactly like the case of Cavanagh v.Hoboken Land, c., Co., supra, except that in the Cavanagh case the plaintiff knew that the defendant was allowing the water to escape from the defective pipe and freeze upon the sidewalk, and in the case at bar the plaintiff denied such knowledge. All the other features are there — the drain under the sidewalk, the leader connecting with it just above the ground, the break at the point of connection and the escaping water. The reversal of the judgment for the plaintiff in the Cavanagh case was put upon the ground that when a landowner abandoned the plan of carrying the water under the sidewalk, a passer-by who knows of such abandonment, or has notice of it, cannot recover if hurt by reason of such abandonment. It follows therefrom by necessary inference that where, as in the instant case, the evidence tends to show
that the pedestrian had no such notice or knowledge, a jury question is presented.
The judgment will be reversed and a venire de novo awarded.
For affirmance — None.
For reversal — THE CHANCELLOR, CHIEF JUSTICE, TRENCHARD, PARKER, KALISCH, BLACK, KATZENBACH, CAMPBELL, LLOYD, VAN BUSKIRK, McGLENNON, KAYS, HETFIELD, DEAR, JJ. 14.