304 Mass. 66 | Mass. | 1939
The plaintiff seeks to recover from the estate of one Goldberg, his father-in-law, for money alleged to have been collected and retained by Goldberg while he was an employee of the plaintiff. The original defendants were the three administrators of the estate of Goldberg. One of them, Annie Zwick, was the plaintiff’s wife. At the close of the evidence, the defendants’ motions to dismiss the action and to direct a verdict for them were denied. The jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff and leave was reserved to enter a verdict for the defendants. The defendants excepted to the refusal to enter a verdict in their favor in accordance with the leave reserved. The judge granted the defendants’ motion for a new trial on the grounds that the verdict was against the evidence and the weight of the evidence. He reported to this court his rulings denying the motion to dismiss, the motion to direct a verdict for the defendants and the motion to enter a verdict for the defendants in accordance with leave reserved, with the stipulation that if there was error in any of these three rulings, then judgment was to be entered for the defendants, otherwise there was to be a new trial.
The denial of the motion to direct a verdict for the defendants and the denial of the motion to enter a verdict for them in accordance with leave reserved are not properly before us. The power of the judge of the Superior Court to report questions of law concerning both of these motions is to be determined by G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 231, § 111, which requires that there must be a verdict, or a finding of the facts by the Superior Court or an agreement as to all the material facts. Atlantic Maritime Co. v. Gloucester, 228 Mass. 519. Comstock v. Soule, 303 Mass. 153. No one of these prerequisites is present in the instant case. The verdict has been entirely set aside. Nothing remains of it.
The report states that the judge was of opinion that his decision denying the motion to dismiss ought to be determined by this court before any further proceedings are had in the trial court. This was an interlocutory matter, unaffected by the setting aside of the verdict and which the judge in his discretion was authorized by G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 231, § 111, to report before other proceedings were had. It was a matter upon which a ruling might be decisive of the case. United Drug Co. v. Cordley & Hayes, 239 Mass. 334. Sterling v. Frederick Leyland & Co. Ltd. 242 Mass. 8. Summers v. Boston Safe Deposit & Trust Co. 301 Mass. 167.
The grounds of this motion ought to have been shown by the record. We assume from the argument that its basis was that one of the defendants was the wife of the plaintiff. She was one of the original defendants. Before the close of the trial her resignation as one of the administrators had been accepted by the Probate Court. The
A motion to dismiss must be based upon matters appearing on the face of the record. Adams v. Richardson, 268 Mass. 78. Summers v. Boston Safe Deposit & Trust Co. 301 Mass. 167. Cochrane v. Cochrane, 303 Mass. 467. We need not decide whether the marital relationship between the plaintiff and one of the defendants did in fact appear from the record since we prefer to treat the motion, as the parties apparently did, as raising the question whether the action should be dismissed on this account. Brotkin v. Feinberg, 265 Mass. 295. Charles I. Hosmer, Inc. v. Commonwealth, 302 Mass. 495. Similar motions in actions of tort between husband and wife have been allowed. Lubowitz v. Taines, 293 Mass. 39. Johnson v. Johnson, 303 Mass. 204.
It is a principle of the common law that one spouse cannot sue the other in an action at law. Golder v. Golder, 235 Mass. 261. Giles v. Giles, 279 Mass. 284. We assume that this principle applies where one spouse is acting only in a representative capacity. It has been held that a party to an action in his representative capacity is a different person in law from the same individual in his private capacity. McCarthy v. William H. Wood Lumber Co. 219 Mass. 566. Eaton v. Walker, 244 Mass. 23. Cook v. Howe, 280 Mass. 325. We need not examine the grounds upon which these decisions rest because none of them was an action between husband and wife. It was said in Atkins v. Atkins, 195 Mass. 124, 129, where a husband as trustee under a will brought a bill in equity to compel his wife to reconvey property she had bought from the trustee and for which she had declined to pay the purchase price, that “The fact that the plaintiff was acting in a representative capacity creates no exception, for he was none the less the defendant’s husband because he happened at the same time to be trustee for a stranger.” Freitag v. Bersano, 123 N. J. Eq. 515.
The plaintiff’s cause of action is not based upon any con
The plaintiff in an action at law, where there is no counterclaim and where there has been no reference to an auditor, has the right at any time before trial to discontinue the action, Marsch v. Southern New England Railroad, 235 Mass. 304; Alpert v. Mercury Publishing Co. 272 Mass. 39, or to discontinue against some of the parties defendant. Matheson v. O’Kane, 211 Mass. 91. Jacobs v. Brown, 259 Mass. 232. When the resignation of the plaintiff’s wife as one of the co-administrators had been accepted by the Probate Court and, in the absence of an appeal, became final upon the date of its acceptance, she ceased to act further in that capacity. She had no right to continue to defend the action and no judgment could be rendered against her. National Bank of Troy v. Stanton, 116 Mass. 435. Statkunas v. L. Promboim & Son Inc. 274 Mass. 515.
Our statute, G. L. (Ter. Ed.) c. 209, § 6, granting certain privileges and rights to a married woman does not in terms prohibit suits between her and her husband. It simply provides that "this section shall not authorize suits between husband and wife.” Suits in equity between husband and wife have been maintained “to secure her separate property, to prevent fraud, to relieve from coercion, to enforce trusts and establish other conflicting rights concerning property.” Gahm v. Gahm, 243 Mass. 374, 376, and eases cited.
We do not think that this action in its original form was a mere nullity. This is not a case where the wife was the
The plaintiff had a cause of action and we do not think that its enforcement should be barred by the common law principle of the unity and identity of husband and wife, when that formal objection has been removed. Butler v. Ives, 139 Mass. 202. Spooner v. Spooner, 155 Mass. 52. MacKeown v. Lacey, 200 Mass. 437. Crosby v. Clem, 209
The ruling denying the motion to dismiss was right and, in accordance with the stipulation contained in the report, the case is remanded to the Superior Court for a new trial.
So ordered.