202 F.R.D. 590 | N.D. Ill. | 2001
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
In this case under the Federal Tort Claims Act, the Court found the defendant liable in a bifurcated trial and set a date for trial on the issue of damages. Defendant has moved in limine to preclude one of plaintiffs treating doctors, Dr. Cesar Romero, from offering what defendant has characterized as “expert” testimony.
Defendant took Dr. Romero’s deposition in late January 2001. Prior to the deposition, defendant’s counsel advised plaintiffs counsel as follows:
[I]n the event that the plaintiff seeks to offer expert opinions that fall within Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(a)(2), that Rule sets forth specific requirements regarding disclosure of the expert and a report. We expect that the plaintiff will comply with that Rule.
As matters stand, we understand Drs. Romero, Torrence and Franklin to be the plaintiffs treating physicians. Thus, we will proceed with the depositions of these doctors based on the understanding that they are plaintiffs treating physicians and not Rule 26(a)(2) experts. As you know, treating physicians are permitted to testify about matters with in [sic] their personal knowledge, based on their observations during the course of treating the plaintiff. See, e.g., Patel v. Gayes, 984 F.2d 214, 218 (7th Cir.1993); Barrett v. International Armaments, Inc., 1999 WL 199253, *6 (N.D.Ill.1999).
Dfdt’s Reply, Ex. A. Although the Court does not have a copy of Dr. Romero’s deposition, based on colloquy at the final pretrial conference, it appears that defendant’s counsel elected not to question Dr. Romero about the issues described in plaintiffs December 22, 2000 letter.
Defendant now argues that because plaintiff did not submit a report from Dr. Romero under Rule 26(a)(2), the Court should bar Dr. Romero “from testifying on matters that exceed [his] own personal observations made during the course of treatment, such as issues of causation, permanency of injury, disability, and future pain and suffering.” Dfdt’s Motion, p. 1.
Rule 26(a)(2) was added to the Federal Rules in 1993. Rule 26(a)(2)(A) requires a party to identify any witness who will give opinion testimony within the meaning of Rules 702, 703, and 705. Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(a)(2)(A). Plaintiff complied with that Rule. The issue raised by defendant concerns Rule 26(a)(2)(B), which requires, with respect to a witness who is retained or specially employed to provide expert testimony, the disclosure of a report containing a statement of all opinions, data, exhibits, qualifications (including publications authored in the preceding ten years), compensation, and a listing of any other cases in which the witness has testified within the preceding four years.
The requirement of a written report in Rule 26(a)(2) applies only to experts retained or specially employed to provide such testimony. See Cicero v. Paul Revere Life Insurance Co., No. 98 C 6467, 2000 WL 656666, at *2 (N.D.Ill. Mar. 23, 2000) (Kocoras, J.); Sircher v. City of Chicago, No. 97 C 6694, 1999 WL 569568, at *2 (N.D.Ill. July 28, 1999) (Shadur, J.). As the Advisory Committee Notes accompanying the 1993 amendments (which added Rule 26(a)(2)) state, “[a] treating physician ... can be deposed or called to testify at trial without any requirement for [for] a written report.” Fed. R.Civ.P. 26,1993 Advisory Committee Notes.
A treating physician is not considered a retained expert for purposes of Rule 26(a)(2), and thus need not submit a report, if his testimony is based on observations made during the course of treatment, the testimony was not “acquired or developed in anticipation of litigation or for trial,” and the testimony is based on personal knowledge. Richardson v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 17 F.3d 213, 218 (7th Cir.1994) (quoting Patel, 984 F.2d at 218). See, e.g., Figueroa v. City of Chicago, No. 97 C 8861, 2000 WL 520926,
In support of its motion, defendant relies primarily on Patel v. Gayes, 984 F.2d 214 (7th Cir.1993). Though that case concerned the pre-1993 version of Rule 26, it reasoning remains valid. The court noted that the Rule does not require “expert” disclosures from a witness “ ‘whose information was not acquired in preparation for trial but rather because he was an actor or viewer with respect to transactions or occurrences that are part of the subject matter of the lawsuit.’ ” Id. at 217 (quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(b)(4)(A), 1970 Advisory Committee Notes). But it went on to state that “an expert must be identified if his testimony does not come from his personal knowledge of the case, or if his knowledge was ‘acquired or developed in anticipation of litigation or for trial.’ ” Id. at 218 (quoting Grinnell Cory. v. Hackett, 70 F.R.D. 326, 331 (D.R.I.1976)) (other citations omitted). In Patel, the plaintiffs treating doctors proposed to testify about matters that had not been implicated in their treatment of the plaintiff, including a particular test and the general medical standard of care in the community. The court said that as to these matters, the doctors’ testimony “was not based on their observations during the course of treating [the plaintiffs] illness” and constituted opinions formulated “only when preparing for litigation.” It therefore upheld the district court’s refusal to permit the doctors to testify regarding these matters due to the plaintiffs failure to make timely expert disclosures. See also, e.g., Richardson v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 17 F.3d 213, 218 (7th Cir.1994).
Defendant appears to take the position that anything Dr. Romero might say about causation and permanency is necessarily outside the scope of his treatment of the plaintiff. The Court does not agree. The fact that a treating doctor proposes to give an opinion regarding the causation and permanency of his patient’s injury does not by itself make him a retained expert for purposes of Rule 26(a)(2). Indeed, it is common for a treating physician to consider his patient’s prognosis as well as the cause of the patient’s injuries. See Finney-Seymour v. United Parcel Service of America, Inc., No. 00 CV 2, 2001 WL 253044, at *1 (D.Vt. Jan. 22, 2001); Salas v. United States, 165 F.R.D. 31, 32 (W.D.N.Y.1995); Baker v. Taco Bell, 163 F.R.D. 348, 349 (D.Colo.1995). “Developing an opinion as to the cause of the patient’s injury based on a physical examination ... is ‘a necessary part of treatment’ and does not make the treating physician an expert.” Finney-Seymour, 2001 WL 253044, at *1 (quoting Brundidge v. City of Buffalo, 79 F.Supp.2d 219, 224 (W.D.N.Y.1999)). The same may be true regarding the permanency of the plaintiffs condition. If the physician formed such opinions during, and as part of, his treatment of the patient, they are no different from any other opinion — such as a diagnosis or decisions regarding the proper treatment — that he formed during the course of treatment. Testifying about such opinions at trial does not convert the treating physician into a retained expert for purposes of Rule 26(a)(2), as the opinions were not acquired or developed in anticipation of litigation or trial.
In short, so long as Dr. Romero’s testimony is limited to opinions he developed during and as part of his treatment of the plaintiff, his testimony will be permitted. The Court will require this foundation to be established before allowing Dr. Romero to render the opinions at issue.
Conclusion
For the reasons stated above, the Court denies without prejudice defendant’s motion in limine to bar treating physicians from offering expert testimony [Docket Item 44-1].