Zohlman v. ZoldanZohlman v. Zoldan
OPINION AND ORDER
This bankruptcy appeal presents the following issues, under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4) of the Bankruptcy Code: (1) whether obtaining
BACKGROUND
In May of 1981, Plaintiff-Appellant Robert Zohlman (hereafter “Creditor”) and Defen-danL-Appellee Alex Mayard Zoldan (hereafter “Debtor”)'executed an Amended and Restated Certificate of Limited Partnership and an Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of New City Associates (the “Partnership Agreement”), to acquire and renovate an existing office building located at 120 North Main Street, New City, New York (the “Office Building”). Debtor was the sole general partner of the partnership. Creditor had the largest investment of the six limited partners involved in the transaction.
Upon the renovation and sale of the Office Building, Creditor commenced an action in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of Westchester, against Debtor in the form of a special proceeding for an accounting, to which Debtor consented. Justice Harold L. Wood thеn appointed a Referee pursuant to N.Y. C.P.L.R. § 4311 to supervise the auditing and examination of the books and records of the partnership. The Referee’s Report focused on fifteen specific items, lettered “A” through “O,” which were disputed partnership expenses totaling $502,-766. The Referee’s Report was approved by Justice Wood, who, on October 13, 1992, entered judgment in the amount of $304,371.78 in favor of Creditor. 1 The table included below, drawn from the Referee’s Report, sets forth the categories of items in dispute, the amounts claimed by Creditor, and the amounts awarded by the Referee.
Item Description Claimed by Awarded by Zohlman Referee
Management fees (those in excess of 4%) $ 8,537 $ 8,537
Mortgage Fee 15,000 15,000
Commission on sale of building 75,000 75,000
Construction 92,897 92,897
Lease Commissions 32,498 0
Outside labor 136,603 104,399
Salaries 17,055 17,055
Payroll taxes 2,434 0
Building cleaning and maintenance 12,952 10,452
Maintenance fees 27,188 27,188
Professional fees 9,448 7,948
Miscellaneous 5,556 5,556
Repairs 29,946 29,946
Sundry 6,069 6,049
Improvements 31,583 21,158
Total not agreed $502,766 2
Total claims allowed $421,185 3
On May 8, 1996 Debtor filed a petition under Chapter 7 in the Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York. In response, Creditor then sought a determination
For the reasons stated herein, the decision of the Bankruptcy Court is affirmed.
DISCUSSION
I. Standard of Review
On appeal, a bankruptcy court’s conclusions of law are reviewed de novo. Fed.R.BANKR. 8013;
Federal Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Hirsch (In re Colonial Realty Co.),
II. Burden of Proof
In order to prevail on a claim of non-dischargeability under § 523(a)(4), the Supreme Court has held that the burden is on the party claiming non-dischargeability. The appropriate level of proof is the “preponderance of the evidence” standard.
Grogan v. Garner,
III. General Principles for Dischargе in Bankruptcy Determinations
The courts have repeatedly stressed that the 523(a) exceptions to discharge must be strictly construed in favor of the debtor in order to comport with the “fresh start” policy underlying the Bankruptcy Code.
Gleason v. Thaw,
IV. Collateral Estoppel
The Creditor’s first claim on this appeal is that the Bankruptcy Court erred by not finding collateral estoppel based upon the assessment of a surcharge against Debtor in state court. 4 Creditor claims that the accounting, and the subsequent assessment of a surcharge in state court, constituted a finding of both the existence of a fiduciary relationship between the parties and of defalcation under § 523(a)(4), thus estopping Debtor from re-litigating these issues. This contention is without merit.
It is well settled that for collateral estoppel to apply, the issue sought to be precluded must be identical to an issue necessarily decided in the prior action.
5
Long
Creditor has failed in his attempt to provide such a record, primarily because there is nothing in the Referee’s Report nor in the state court decision to indicate that the question of “fiduciary capacity” or “defalcation,” as interpreted under the Bankruptcy Code, was previously decided. As we shall see in the following sections, the definitions of “fiduciary” and “defalcation” for purposes of §- 523(a)(4) are highly specialized determinations, and their meaning is narrowly confined to the bankruptcy context. .The Referee’s Report, upon which the state court decision relies, gives little explanation for disallowing certain expenses. When an explanation is given, the primary reason offered for disallowance of a partnership expense is simply improper documentation or verification by Debtor. The state court judgment also provides little assistance in assessing the basis for the surcharge, since it merely affirms the Referee’s Report without comment. Such scant findings make it impossible to say that the existence of both a fiduciary relationship and of defalcation were “specifically decided” by the state court.
Nate B. & Francis Spingold Foundation, Inc. v. Halperin (In re Halperin),
V. The Meaning of “Fiduciary”
§ 523(a)(4) provides that:
(a) a discharge under section 727 .... does not discharge an individual debtor from any debt—
(4) for fraud or defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity, embezzlement, or larceny.
11 U.S.C.A. § 523(a)(4) (West 1993). Creditor alleges only that Debtor has committed a “defalcation” for purposes of this section, and thus analysis of the requirements for fraud, larceny, or embezzlement is unnecessary for this decision. Our discussion of this appeal will therefore turn on two questions; first, whether the Debtor stood in a fiduciary relationship to the Creditor for purposes of § 523(а)(4). Second, whether the Debtor committed a defalcation under the meaning of this section.
To sustain a cause of action for fraud or defalcation under § 523(a)(4), the plaintiff must first establish that the debtor acted while in a fiduciary capacity.
Barristers Abstract Corp. v. Caulfield (In re Caulfield),
The meaning of fiduciary is a matter of federal law.
Davis v. Aetna Acceptance Co.,
This reading is necessary in light of the plain language of the statute. The requirement of the existence of a fiduciary relationship is a special limit imposed only for findings of defalcation or fraud;- no such fiduciary relationship is necessary for non-dischargeability resulting from larceny or embezzlement. 11 U.S.C.A. § 523(a)(4). The fiduciary relationship requirement is intended to further limit the applicability of non-dischargeability for fraud or defalcation specifically. If the wrongful conduct itself created the trust relationship, then this added requirement would be useless; the fraud or defalcation itself would create the fiduciary relationship, and the fiduciary relationship requirement would be a mere redundancy.
While this analysis clarifies the definition of fiduciary under federal law, the extent to which state law plays a role in analyzing the existence of a fiduciary relationship has been the subject of much debate.
See, e.g., Ragsdale v. Haller,
Creditor relies on N.Y. Partnership Law § 43 (West 1988) in arguing that New York statutory law creates the necessary fiduciary relationship for § 523(a)(4). N.Y. Partnership Law § 43 mirrors the Uniform Partnership Act, which has been adopted by numerous states. See, e.g., Cal.Corp.Code § 15021 (West 1977); Ind.Code 23-4-1-21(1); 15 Pa. C.S. § 8334. The New York version provides:
Every partner must account to the partnership for any benefit, and hold as trustee for it any profits derived by him without the consent of the other partners from any transaction connected with the formation, conduct, or liquidation of the рartnership or from any use by him of its property.
N.Y. Partnership Law § 43. Because this language has been adopted essentially verbatim as partnership law in other states, numerous courts have had occasion to analyze whether it creates a “fiduciary relationship” for purposes of § 523(a)(4).
Ragsdale,
In contrast, another substantial group of cases, led most persuasively by
Ragsdale,
make clear that the language contained in N.Y. Partnership Law § 43 is insuf.ficient to сreate an express or technical trust for purposes of the Bankruptcy Code.
Ragsdale,
[Creditor] claims that the words “hold as trustee” establish an express trust, that all partners are trustees for the rest of the partnership, and that a partner is therefore a fiduciary within the meaning of the act. However, under this statute, the trust arises only when the partner derives profits without consent of the partnership; it is this sort of trust ex maleficio not included within the purview of § 523(a)(4).
Ragsdale,
However, as
Ragsdale
points out, this does not end the inquiry.
Ragsdale,
This is precisely the situation in regard to New York partnership law. Beyond the express language of N.Y. Partnership Law § 43, New York partners are all at times accountable to one another as trustees or fiduciaries.
In re Stone,
It is here that we diverge to some degree from the ruling of the Bankruptcy Court below. There, the court held that in regard to the majority of the disputed expenses, the Debtor was not acting in a fiduciary capacity, but merely as a typical managing agent.
In re Zoldan,
The Bankruptcy Court attaches much significance to provisions in the Partnership Agreement allowing the Debtor to hire himself as managing agent, permitting him to engage in any business which may compete with the project, and exonerating the debtor from any liability except for acts of gross negligence or willful misconduct.
This court attaches little significance to these specific clauses in the Partnership Agreement. Indeed, the provision of the
Beyond these specific provisions, if one assesses the Partnership Agreement as a whole, the limited partners were clearly entitled to view the general partner as a fiduciary. The agreement obligates the limited partners to entrust the general partner with a broad range of trust-like obligations, permitting him to: (1) select which accounts to deposit all funds of the partnership and to make deposits and withdrawals therefrom; (2) execute occupancy leases on behаlf of the partnership; (3) arbitrate, compromise, settle, sue on or defend any claim of or against the partnership; (4) operate, manage, and maintain the project, and to sell, lease, or otherwise dispose of any assets of the partnership; (5) borrow on behalf of the partnership and on the partnership’s credit such sums as he may deem necessary to provide for the partnership’s liabilities or purposes; (6) execute on behalf of the partnership such documents as may be required to secure a loan, including a mortgage against the development project; (7) borrow funds on behalf of the partnership or advance the necessary funds, and; (8) function as the lawful attorney for each partner and act in the name, place and stead of each partner. See Partnership Agreement at 16-26.
Clearly, Debtor stood in a fiduciary relationship with all of the limited partners, including Creditor. An arrangement allowing an individual to, inter alia, execute leases, sue on behalf of the other investors, to secure loans or borrow funds on their behalf, and to act as the lawful attorney for each partner constitutes a business venture that could not be described, as an ordinary commercial relationship.
We disagree with the Bankruptcy Court’s holding that Creditor and Debtor did not stand in a fiduciary relationship for most of the disputed expenses, but did have a fiduciary relationship for Items B and C only. If entering into a partnership agreement justifiably created a fiduciary relationship in the mind of Creditor, then a fiduciary relationship existed for all transactions related to the partnership. Since all these disputed expenses related to the overarching Partnership Agreement, all such expenses were incurred pursuant to a fiduciary relationship. Debtor was not, as the Bankruptcy Court held, “sometimes” acting in a commercial relationship with Creditor and “sometimes” acting in-a fiduciary relationship with Creditor; he was аt all times a fiduciary.
VI. The Meaning of “Defalcation”
■ Having established that a fiduciary relationship existed between Creditor and Debt- or for purposes of § 523(a)(4) of the Bankruptcy Code, Debtor must now show that Creditor committed a defalcation for purposes of this section. The meaning of the term “defalcation” in this context has been the subject of much discussion.
See, e.g., Otto v. Niles (In re Niles),
The primary debate focuses on whether mere innocent or negligent conduct can constitute defalcation, or whether defalcation must include some element of wrongdoing. This distinction becomes central to the instant case because there is little evidencе of active wrongdoing by the Debtor; instead, the basis of the Referee’s Report relied upon by the state court judgment, as well as the Bankruptcy Court’s own determination for most of the disputed expenses, is that the Debtor merely failed to provide adequate documentation for expenditures made in connection with the partnership. Thus, we are left with the question of whether defalcation can include merely negligent or even innocent default. We must remember that while
The circuits are divided on this issue. Some courts, including the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, hold that even an innocent default will suffice.
In re Lewis,
Others, including the Courts of Appeals for the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Circuits, require fault at least greater than mere negligence.
Schwager v. Fallas (Matter of Schwager),
Moreover, while the Eleventh Circuit is less explicit on this issue, it has held, in finding defalcation under § 523(a)(4), that the conduct of the debtor “was far more than an innocent mistake or even negligence” (debtor had failed to pay money held in trust for creditor, and instead transferred the funds to the operating and payroll accounts of the business for which he was the sole shareholder).
Quaif v. Johnson,
The only Second Circuit deсision to deal directly with this question is less than definitive.
Central Hanover Bank & Trust v. Herbst,
Colloquially perhaps the word, “defalcation”, ordinarily implies some moral dereliction, but in this context it may have included innocent defaults, so as to include all fiduciaries who for any reason were short in their accounts.
Central Hanover,
In deciding between these two approaches, we are reminded that it is a basic principle of statutory construction that an exception to a debt’s discharge should be strictly construed because of the policy of favoring a debtor’s fresh start.
Davis,
Creditor urges this court to make a broad reading of the definition of “fiduciary” for pui'poses of § 523(a)(4) and to make a broad reading of “defalcation” as well. Such a reading offends the principle of statutory construction in bankruptcy outlined above. Many people who file for bankruptcy have “less than perfect” bookkeeping, as Debtor did, which is presumably one of the reasons their respective business ventures result in bankruptcy in the first place. If Debtor were said to have committed a defalcation merely because he failed to provide suitable “back-up documentation” for various partnership expenses, then § 523(a)(4) would become an enormously broad exception to dis-chargeability.
This is especially true given the interplay between federal and state law in defining “fiduciary.” When state courts and legislatures create express or technical trusts in a plethora of areas, from corporate officers, to joint venturers, attorneys, building contractors, real estate agents, insurance brokers, and executors, often without considering the substantial ramifications such expansion could have in the bankruptcy context, each of these individuals becomes a “fiduciary” for purposes of the Bankruptcy Code. 3 Norton banrr. l. & prac. § 47:25- § 47:29 (2d ed. Supp.1998). Given the ever-expanding definition of what constitutes a “fiduciary,” to couple this expansion with an еqually expansive view of defalcation would defeat the fresh start objective of the bankruptcy law. Creditor urges us essentially to hold that any partner guilty of sloppy record keeping is a fiduciary who has committed defalcation for purposes of § 523(a)(4). It is a position we cannot take. 8
While a precise definition of defalcation should be determined on a fact-specific basis, we will at least frame the debate, as it becomes necessary for our purposes. Defalcation requires more than mere negligence, and cannot be a completely innocent act. While defalcation may nоt require actual intent, nor may it rise to the level of misappropriation, it does require some level of mental culpability. The purpose of Section 523 was to remove from the debtor’s capacity the ability to discharge certain debts arising from practices Congress deemed so pernicious that bankruptcy should not insu
We must now apply this analysis to the fifteen disputed items referenced in the chart herein, bearing in mind that Creditor has the burden of proving by a preponderance of credible evidence each factual element necessary to be proved to establish non-dischargeability under § 523.
Grogan,
As to Item A, the Referee concluded that the expense “would appear to [be] a calculation error.” There is nothing in the record to show that this error was anything but, at the worst, negligent. For Item B, the entire sum of the Referee’s reported findings was a single sentence: “This is not provided as an agreed expense by the partnership agreement and is disallowed.” There is nothing in the record to indicate, however, that Debtor was motivated by anything other than a good-faith belief that he was entitled to this expense (in this casе the taking of a $15,000 mortgage fee after obtaining refinancing for the Office Building). The Bankruptcy Court also found that Creditor offered no evidence whatsoever in regard to Item B specifically; the Bankruptcy Judge held that, “after hearing the credible testimony” of Debtor, Debt- or’s belief that he was entitled to the fee was in good-faith. 9 Nothing presented to this court by Creditor indicates that this factual determination was clearly erroneous.
In regard to Items E and H, the Referee found no impropriety at all and allowed these expenses in full, and nothing in the record contradicts the correctness of this finding. The Referee’s Report provides no guidance whatsoever as to the rationale for the partial disallowance of Items I, L, and N. Because the burden is on Creditor to provide a record sufficient to justify non-dischargeability, and because no specific factual allegations to bolster this claim in regard to Items I, L, and N have been provided, the claim for non-dis-chargeability of these items must fail. As to Items D, F, G, J, K, M, and O, the only basis for partial disallowance given by the Referee was inadequate record keeping by the Debt- or: “unreasonable ... unproven ... and I have no verification” (Item D); outside labor and salary expenses should not have been “charg[ed as] a flat percentage when it would have been easy to allocate [each expense] on a reasonably exact basis” (Items F and G); “violated] the partnership agreement of keeping good records” (Item J); “did not produce bills” (Item K); “did not properly document,” (Item M); no “backup [documentation]” (Item O). Creditor does little more in the record than point to these findings. Since there is no evidence that Debtor wrongfully spent or failed to produce these funds, and since there is no evidence that his poor record keeping was the product of more than mere negligence, no defalcation occurred with regard to these three items. On the whole, these fourteen items are dis-chargeable debts, since the Bankruptcy Court’s factual findings regarding them were not clearly erroneous.
Item C, however, is on different footing. The Referee found that this expense, a commission Debtor paid to himself after arranging for the sale of the Office Building, was “not provided as an agreed expense by the partnership agreement.” Referee’s Report at 3. More important, however, is the fact that even though Creditor specifically objected in writing to the payment of such a commission to Debtor out of
CONCLUSION
The decision of the Bankruptcy Court is affirmed. Creditor is entitled to an order denying dischargeability as to Item C only. Counsel for Debtor shall submit a proposed judgment order on ten days notice to counsel for Creditor.
SO ORDERED.
Notes
. This number reflects an adjustment оf the $421,185 awarded by the Referee based on specific provisions in the Partnership Agreement.
. The Referee's tally of this column of $503,216 in error.
.The Referee's tally of this column of $421,205 in error.
. Collateral estoppel principles do apply, when appropriate, to dischargeability proceedings under Section 523(a) of the Bankruptcy Code.
Grogan,
. The complete, four-part test to establish whether collateral estoppel applies to a prior court’s findings is as follows:
(1) The issue sought to be precluded must bo identical to that involved in the prior action;
(2) The issue must be actually litigated and actually decided;
(3) There must have been a full and fair opportunity for litigation in the prior proceeding; and
(4) Thе issue previously decided must have been necessary to support a valid and final judgment on the merits. See, e.g., Gelb v. Royal Globe Ins. Co.,798 F.2d 38 , 44 (2d Cir.1986), cert. denied,480 U.S. 948 ,107 S.Ct. 1608 ,94 L.Ed.2d 794 (1987).
Collateral estoppel is inapplicable to the instant case because of failure to satisfy requirement number one; it is therefore unnecessary to analyze requirements two, three and four.
. The Bankruptcy Court found that Debtor was acting in a fiduciary capacity in regard to Items B and C, but committed defalcation only in connection with Item C.
. An often cited Southern District of New York case supports this contention.
In re Stone,
. Creditor attaches special significance to the common definition for defalcation that includes failure to "account for” trust funds. Black's law dictionary 514 (4 th ed.1958). Creditor urges us to believe that failure to account includes the Debtor's inability to provide adequate back-up documentation for partnership expenses. This is merely another attempt to remove the requirement, a requirement already established in the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and arguably Second and Eleventh Circuits, that some degree of fault is required to find defalcation. We hold that failure to account means that "trust property is missing,” or that the fiduciary "failed to pay it over as he ought,” not merely that expenses were not well documented.
In re Baylis,
. Unlike
Central Hanover,
there is no evidence that Debtor was "on notice” that he was not entitled to these funds related to Item B (he was possessed of such notice, however, for Item C, supra).
Central Hanover,