ZIXIANG LI; Jun Li; Jun Guo; Shibao Zhang; Ming Chang, on behalf of themselves as individuals and on behalf of others similarly situated v. John F. KERRY, Secretary of State; United States of America; Janet A. Napolitano, Secretary of Department of Homeland Security; Alejandro Mayorkas, Director of Citizenship and Immigration Services; Department of Homeland Security; United States Citizenship and Immigration Services
No. 11-35412
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit
March 20, 2013
710 F.3d 995
Argued and Submitted July 9, 2012.
ZIXIANG LI; Jun Li; Jun Guo; Shibao Zhang; Ming Chang, on behalf of themselves as individuals and on behalf of others similarly situated, Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
John F. KERRY,* Secretary of State; United States of America; Janet A. Napolitano, Secretary of Department of Homeland Security; Alejandro Mayorkas, Director of Citizenship and Immigration Services; Department of Homeland Security; United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, Defendants-Appellees.
No. 11-35412.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
Argued and Submitted July 9, 2012.
Filed March 20, 2013.
* John F. Kerry is substituted for his predecessor, Hillary Rodham Clinton, as Secretary of State.
Aaron S. Goldsmith (argued), United States Department of Justice, Office of Immigration Litigation, Washington, D.C., Helen J. Brunner, Rebecca Shapiro Cohen, Asst. U.S. Attys., Office of the U.S. Attorney, Seattle, WA, for Defendants-Appellees.
Before: STEPHEN REINHARDT, ANDREW J. KLEINFELD, and MILAN D. SMITH, JR., Circuit Judges.
OPINION
M. SMITH, Circuit Judge:
Plaintiffs-Appellants, certain individuals from China seeking permanent residency in the United States, appeal from the district court‘s dismissal of their claims under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) against federal Defendants-Appellees.1 In their complaint, Plaintiffs allege
We hold that the district court properly dismissed the complaint because there is no live case or controversy about the establishment of visa cut-off dates, and the allocation of visa numbers, in the 2008 and 2009 fiscal years. We also hold that the district court did not err in dismissing Plaintiffs’ claims for prospective relief because they did not allege that Defendants failed to take discrete actions they were legally required to take. Accordingly, we affirm the decision of the district court.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
This case concerns applications for visas by professionals and skilled workers in the EB-3 category. To become eligible for such visas, an alien‘s employer must first file an application for labor certification with the Department of Labor (DOL), requesting certification that there are no qualified workers in the United States available to fill a relevant job opening. See
USCIS has jurisdiction to adjudicate an application for adjustment of status. See
DOS‘s Visa Office subdivides the annual number of employment-based visas, taking into consideration per-country limits established by Congress, into monthly allotments. The Visa Office considers several variables in determining how many visa numbers to make available, such as past number use, expected future number use, and estimates of additional USCIS demand. Once the number of available visa numbers has been calculated, DOS allocates numbers to applicants.
The total number of qualified applicants are compared each month with the visa numbers available for the next regular allotment. When the number of qualified applicants in a category exceeds the supply of numbers available for allotment in a particular month, the category is deemed oversubscribed, and DOS creates a visa availability cut-off date for that category. The cut-off date is the priority date of the first qualified alien for whom a visa number was not available. When visas are
Plaintiffs brought suit in 2010 on behalf of a class of individuals from China, who are seeking to acquire permanent resident status in the EB-3 visa category. They claim that during the 2008 and 2009 fiscal years, Defendants did not allocate immigrant visas to eligible applicants in the correct order, thereby delaying their applications, and their eligibility for adjustment of status. According to Plaintiffs, DOS‘s Visa Office also failed to maintain an adequate registration list or to properly monitor USCIS‘s use of immigrant visa numbers, “in part or in whole because the Visa Office does not have accurate information from USCIS concerning the number of applications pending and concerning USCIS demand for immigrant visa numbers.” As a result, the Visa Office allegedly established cut-off dates that allowed EB-3 visas to be made available to individuals from countries other than China before the class members from China, even though the class members had earlier priority dates, and China‘s EB-3 limit had not yet been reached. Accordingly, “the rest of the world was able to use immigrant visas up to its limit in the [EB-3] category, but the China [EB-3] category was not able to use immigrant visas up to its limit even though there was sufficient demand.” Plaintiffs allege that they and their derivative beneficiaries would have been approved for permanent resident status in fiscal year 2008 or fiscal year 2009 but for governmental errors in allocating visa numbers. As a remedy, Plaintiffs seek an order requiring Defendants to make immigrant visa numbers available for class members so they can obtain immigrant visas or have their status adjusted before the end of the current fiscal year. They also sought an injunction requiring that Defendants take steps to improve the visa number allocation system. For example, Plaintiffs asked the district court to order USCIS to provide complete and accurate information to the Visa Office, and to direct DOS to make public all relevant information contained on its waiting lists.
The district court granted Defendants’ motion to dismiss. Because Plaintiffs cited no statutory authority requiring USCIS to participate in the creation of cut-off dates or the maintenance of waiting lists, the district court concluded that Plaintiffs failed to state a claim against USCIS. The district court also found that Plaintiffs’ claims regarding the allocation of visa numbers from prior fiscal years were moot because no authority allows visa numbers from previous years to be recaptured, and allocated during the current year. The district court further found that Plaintiffs’ claims for prospective relief were moot because they conceded that they did not challenge DOS‘s process for allocating visa numbers. Plaintiffs timely appealed the district court‘s decision.
JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
We have jurisdiction to review the district court‘s order pursuant to
Although a district court should grant the plaintiff leave to amend if the complaint can possibly be cured by additional factual allegations, Doe v. United States, 58 F.3d 494, 497 (9th Cir. 1995), “[d]ismissal without leave to amend is proper if it is clear that the complaint could not be saved by amendment,” Kendall v. Visa U.S.A., Inc., 518 F.3d 1042, 1051 (9th Cir. 2008). A district court‘s decision to dismiss with prejudice is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Okwu v. McKim, 682 F.3d 841, 844 (9th Cir. 2012). “We may affirm on any basis supported by the record, whether or not relied upon by the district court.” Hall v. N. Am. Van Lines, Inc., 476 F.3d 683, 686 (9th Cir. 2007).
DISCUSSION
Plaintiffs argue that the district court erred in three ways: (1) by dismissing their claims against USCIS; (2) by holding that it lacked jurisdiction to recapture visa numbers from past years; and (3) by dismissing their claims for prospective relief.
I. Claims Against USCIS
In their complaint, Plaintiffs alleged a number of causes of action against USCIS. We agree with the district court that Plaintiffs failed to state a plausible claim against USCIS.2
In their Second Cause of Action, Plaintiffs allege that USCIS violated INA § 203,
Alternatively, Plaintiffs contend in their opening brief that USCIS violated the third subsection, INA § 203(e)(3),
Although the district court did not explicitly consider the additional causes of action alleged against USCIS, we affirm
In their Third Cause of Action, Plaintiffs contend that USCIS violated
Lastly, Plaintiffs allege that USCIS violated the law, and acted arbitrarily and capriciously, “[b]y failing to establish a complete and accurate system for monitoring the priority dates of individuals who are applying for immigrant visas” (Fourth Cause of Action), and “[b]y failing to provide and maintain a system adequate to account for the number of immigrant petitions (Form I-140) and adjustment of status applications (Form I-485) that are pending” (Fifth Cause of Action). These claims appear to be based on
Plaintiffs provide no authority, and we can locate none, suggesting that USCIS has a specific duty to maintain such an elaborate system for monitoring priority dates or the number of pending applications. Instead, USCIS‘s responsibilities are carefully circumscribed and tied to the actions of other agencies. See, e.g.,
Plaintiffs essentially ask us to hold that USCIS could be acting arbitrarily and capriciously by failing to create a system, or complying with vague standards, not required by law. We decline their invitation, and we hold that Plaintiffs failed to state a claim against USCIS. See Cal. Energy Comm‘n v. Dep‘t of Energy, 585 F.3d 1143, 1150-51 (9th Cir. 2009) (discussing when we will overturn an agency‘s decision as arbitrary and capricious); Lands Council v. McNair, 537 F.3d 981, 993 (9th Cir. 2008) (en banc) (noting that we cannot require an agency to abide by our notions of which procedures are best or most likely to achieve the public good, and that we cannot impose procedural requirements not expressly required by statute).
II. Recapture of Visa Numbers from Past Years
The district court also held that it lacked jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ claims seeking to recapture visa numbers from previous fiscal years, because these claims were moot. The district court‘s decision was correct.
“A claim is moot if it has lost its character as a present, live controversy.” Kearns v. Ford Motor Co., 567 F.3d 1120, 1127 (9th Cir. 2009) (citation omitted). “If there is no longer a possibility that an appellant can obtain relief for his claim, that claim is moot and must be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.” Ruvalcaba v. City of L.A., 167 F.3d 514, 521 (9th Cir. 1999).7
Congress has established annual numerical limits on the number of immigrant visas. See
Another problem with Plaintiffs’ alleged causes of action is that some of the visa numbers they seek to recapture have already been allocated to other individuals. Since courts are not time machines, we are unable to order DOS to go back in time and not do something it already did, let alone determine which individuals awarded visa numbers in the past should have their numbers taken away because they should have been awarded to Plaintiffs.
Plaintiffs primarily rely on Silva v. Bell, 605 F.2d 978 (7th Cir. 1979) in support of their view that the district court has authority to recapture previously unused visa numbers. Silva presented the issue of how to allocate erroneously charged visa numbers among Western Hemisphere applicants on a waiting list. See Silva, 605 F.2d at 980. The question was not whether recapture was possible. See id.
To the extent the Seventh Circuit assumed, arguendo, in Silva that visa numbers from past years could be reallocated in a current year, notwithstanding statuto-
An alien who seeks political rights as a member of this Nation can rightfully obtain them only upon terms and conditions specified by Congress. Courts are without authority to sanction changes or modifications; their duty is rigidly to enforce the legislative will in respect of a matter so vital to the public welfare.
INS v. Pangilinan, 486 U.S. 875, 884, 108 S.Ct. 2210, 100 L.Ed.2d 882 (1988) (citation omitted). Thus, because employment-based visa numbers expire at the end of a fiscal year, a court cannot order an agency to recapture those numbers contrary to Congress‘s clear statutory command. See id. Plaintiffs’ arguments to the contrary are unavailing.
For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the district court correctly concluded that Plaintiffs’ claims seeking to recapture visa numbers from past years were moot, and we affirm the district court‘s dismissal of these claims for lack of jurisdiction.
III. Claims for Prospective Relief
The district court concluded that Plaintiffs’ claims for prospective relief were also moot because Plaintiffs conceded that they did not challenge the process by which DOS allocates visa numbers. For a different reason, we agree that the district court properly dismissed Plaintiffs’ claims seeking prospective relief from DOS under section 706(1) of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), regardless of Plaintiffs’ concession.
“Section 706(1) of the [APA] grants federal courts the power to ‘compel agency action unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed.‘” Hells Canyon, 593 F.3d at 932. “This provision serves important interests, but does not give us license to ‘compel agency action’ whenever the agency is withholding or delaying an action we think it should take.” Id. “Instead, our ability to ‘compel agency action’ is carefully circumscribed to situations where an agency has ignored a specific legislative command.” Id.
We explained in Hells Canyon:
In Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance (SUWA), 542 U.S. 55, 124 S.Ct. 2373, 159 L.Ed.2d 137 (2004), the Supreme Court explained the two primary constraints on our review under
§ 706(1) . First, the Court held that judicial review of actions alleged to be unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed extends only to “discrete” actions, such as rules, orders, licenses, sanctions, and relief. Second, the Court held that the purportedly withheld action must not only be “discrete,” but also “legally required” — in the sense that the agency‘s legal obligation is so clearly set forth that it could traditionally have been enforced through a writ of mandamus. According to the Court, limiting judicial review to actions that are legally required “rules out judicial direction of even discrete agency action that is not demanded by law.” In sum, the Court concluded, “a claim under§ 706(1) can proceed only where a plaintiff asserts that an agency failed to take a discrete agency action that it is required to take.”
Id. (citations omitted).
Here, Plaintiffs seek to compel Defendants to make copies of the waiting lists for visas publicly available, and to waive the fees for Plaintiffs to renew their employment authorizations while waiting for immigrant visa numbers. But Plaintiffs cite no authority suggesting that these are discrete agency actions Defendants are legally required to take. “[T]he only agency action that can be compelled under the APA is action legally required.” SUWA,
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court.
AFFIRMED.
REINHARDT, Circuit Judge, concurring:
I join fully in Judge M. Smith‘s opinion affirming the district judge‘s dismissal of Plaintiffs’ complaint. As the opinion states, Plaintiffs are not entitled to recapture visas from past years, and, as to the rest of their claims, Plaintiffs have failed to adequately plead any action that any Defendant was required, but failed, to take. I write separately only to note the importance of the problem that Plaintiffs identify, and to suggest that, despite our affirmance of the district court‘s dismissal of Plaintiffs’ complaint, our opinion should not be viewed as approving of the misallocation of immigrant visas that Plaintiffs describe.
Plaintiffs have identified a significant problem with this country‘s system of issuing immigrant visas. In 2008 and 2009, according to Plaintiffs, our nation‘s immigration authorities wrongfully distributed to citizens of other nations over 40% of the available employment-based, third preference (“EB-3“) immigrant visas that, under the applicable statute, should have been made available to individuals from mainland China. These visas — numbering over 2,300 — would have permitted applicants from China to live and work in this country as legal permanent residents and to start on a path to United States citizenship at the time intended by Congress. Instead, the government erroneously gave these visas to individuals from other countries, many of whom had been waiting far less time for the same type of visa than their Chinese counterparts.
The system that produced this error — and the root cause of the problem — is admittedly complex. The employment-based
This is not the way that the immigrant visas system was intended to function. The 1965 law that established the system intended beyond doubt that the visas
The misallocation of visas that Plaintiffs complain of is not, however, the result of the violation of any specific duty, imposed on any specific defendant by Congress and identified as such in the Complaint. It appears, nevertheless, that the failure to effectuate the purpose of the statutory scheme could have been entirely avoided had the Defendants taken more seriously their joint responsibility to ensure the proper functioning of the immigrant visa system. Congress, for example, specifically required the Visa Office to keep a waiting list of “applicants for [immigrant] visas” — a necessary component for the immigrant visa system to function as Congress intended.
It is clear, moreover, from Plaintiffs’ largely uncontested allegations, that the Visa Office‘s waiting list was inaccurate, because the Visa Office lacked adequate information from USCIS. Had the Visa Office simply asked USCIS for the necessary information regarding pending applications for immigrant visas — or, conversely, had USCIS simply provided to the Visa Office the full information that office required to create an accurate waiting list — the misallocation of visas that Plaintiffs complain of likely could have been averted.
Our decision largely rests on the conclusion that Plaintiffs failed to identify in their complaint any legal obligation that any particular Defendant was not fulfilling, and thus failed to state a cause of action. It is not entirely surprising, that Plaintiffs failed to do so, given the byzantine nature of the immigrant visa system. Plaintiffs likely found it extremely difficult at the outset of this lawsuit — and despite some efforts on their part before the motion to dismiss was granted — to identify with specificity what errors which agency was making, how or why these errors were causing visas to be misallocated, or, specifically, what legal obligations, if any, USCIS, the State Department, or either or both were failing to fulfill.3 Equally significant, on appeal, Plaintiffs failed to contend that the dismissal with prejudice was improper.
Nevertheless, what is clear is that during 2008 and 2009 (and likely beyond), as a result of either errors or oversights on the part of the responsible agencies, the immigrant visa system did not function in a manner consistent with Congress‘s intent in creating it. Although we dismiss Plaintiffs’ complaint, our decision should not be read as condoning that unfortunate result.