Zimmerman v. Progressive Security Insurance Co.Zimmerman v. Progressive Security Insurance Co.
| joshlan Raymo, defendant, appeals a judgment by the Eighth' Judicial District Court for the Parish of Winn, State of Louisiana, in favor of Devon Zimmerman, plaintiff. The jury awarded Zimmerman general damages and medical special damages, along with costs of litigation. Zimmerman also appeals the final judgment as to the amount of damages awarded. For the following reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Facts
On July 14, 2012, an incident occurred around 2:00 a.m., involving a Monte Carlo and a Hummer, owned by Future Expectations Community Care Services, LLC (“Future Expectations”), the employer of Joshlan Raymo, driver at the time of the incident. Devon Zimmerman and Michael Carter were in Zimmerman’s Monte Carlo; there was conflicting testimony over who was driving it. Zimmerman claims Raymo drove up quickly on her passenger side and sideswiped the Monte Carlo, forcing it into oncoming traffic. Raymo disputes this. Both vehicles parked on the left shoulder of Hwy. 84 near Winnfield, Louisiana, with the Monte Carlo facing on coming traffic and the Hummer parked facing the front of the Monte Carlo.
Zimmerman, Raymo, and Carter had a complicated personal relationship previous to these events, which explains Raymo’s intent during the incident. After parking the vehicles, a heated argument ensued between Zimmerman and Raymo, quickly escalating into a physical altercation, which was broken up by Carter. The parties had a moment to calm down. Raymo’s mother, Beverly Raymo, arrived, accompanied by Raymo’s [¡^brother, and parked behind the Monte Carlo, trapping Zimmerman in. Carter returned to the passenger seat of the Monte Carlo. Raymo returned to the Hummer and proceeded to ram the Hummer into the Monte Carlo three times. Conflicting testimony was presented concerning whether Zimmerman was talking with Beverly Raymo by the side of the highway or if she was in the Monte Carlo with Carter at the time Raymo rammed it. Ultimately, the jury found that Zimmerman was in her vehicle. Raymo maintains that the accident occurred because she was
Louisiana State Trooper Lieutenant David Westmoreland first responded to the scene and called an ambulance for Carter. Zimmerman accompanied Carter in the ambulance. Once at the hospital, Zimmerman stated she had been in a car accident, but said nothing about the physical altercation between her and Raymo. The Monte Carlo was removed by a tow truck and found to be a total loss by Zimmerman’s insurance company, State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company (“State Farm”).
Zimmerman filed a petition naming Ray-mo, Future Expectations and Progressive Security Insurance Company (“Progressive”), insurer for Future Expectations and the Hummer, as defendants. Subsequently, State Farm filed a petition naming Raymo and Progressive as defendants. Progressive answered both petitions alleging the “events giving rise to the suit were not accidental.” Both suits were later consolidated.
A jury trial ensued. After the first day of testimony the trial court dismissed Progressive by directed verdict, stating, “The Court takes apposition that there’s no way this is anything other than an intentional act.” The trial court deemed any objections made by Raymo to any purported expansion of the pleadings to be untimely, and denied Raymo’s motion for directed verdict on the issues of both liability and medical causation. The trial court allowed Zimmerman to continue presenting evidence of an intentional tort.
The jury found Raymo at fault for intentionally driving into the Monte Carlo. Further, the jury found Zimmerman’s actions were not a proximate cause of the incident, and also found she proved the physical and emotional pain she suffered following the incident. The jury awarded Zimmerman $70,000.00 in general damages and $12,819.50 in medical special damages. The trial court cast all costs of litigation to Raymo. At a subsequent hearing, Ray-mo’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict was denied. Raymo appeals the judgment, and Zimmerman answers the appeal on the issue of damages.
Discussion
Courts of Appeal apply the manifest error standard of review in civil cases. Detraz v. Lee, 2005-1263 (La.01/17/07),
Liability
In her first assignment of error, Raymo alleges that Zimmerman failed to carry her burden of proof at trial regarding liability. Raymo argues Zimmerman’s petition alleged only a theory of negligence, but at trial she presented only evidence of
Louisiana is a fact-pleading state. La. C.C.P. art. 891; Greemon v. City of Bossier City, 2010-2828 (La.07/01/11),
Under La. C.C. art. 2315, an individual is entitled to recover the damages he sustains as a result of another’s fault. That provision “contemplates responsibility founded on fault, namely, negligence or intentional misconduct.” Peters v. Allen Parish Sch. Bd., 2008-0323 (La.App. 3d Cir.11/05/08),
The expansion of pleadings by evidence introduced at trial is governed by La. C.C.P. art. 1154:
When issues not raised by the pleadings are tried by express or implied consent of the parties, they shall be treated in all respects as if they had been raised by the pleading. Such amendment of the pleadings as may be necessary to cause them to conform to the evidence and to raise these issues may be made uponmotion of any party at any time, even after judgment; but failure to so amend does not affect the result of the trial of these issues. If evidence is objected to at the trial on the ground that it is not within the issues made by the pleadings, the court may allow the pleadings to be amended and shall do so freely when the presentation of the merits of the action will be subserved thereby, and the objecting party fails to satisfy the court that the admission of such evidence would prejudice him in maintaining his action or defense on the merits. . The court may grant a 'continuance to enable the objecting party. to meet such evidence.
When the pleading in question is construed in, its entirety and with all other matters occurring during trial which relate to the pleading, and it is more reasonable than not to conclude that the adverse party received fair notice and was fairly informed of the pleading’s intended substantive result and |7procedure by which that result was intended to be accomplished, the pleading will be held to be legally effective and to satisfy the requirements of the Code of Civil Procedure which are raised in objection to the pleading. Townsend v. Cleve Heyl Chevrolet-Buick, Inc.,
Raymo relies on Sledge v. Continental Cas. Co., 25,770 (La.App.2d Cir.06/24/94),
The instant case is analogous to the pleading issues in Wilson v. Taco Bell of Am., Inc., 40,430 (La.App.2d Cir.12/21/05),
In Sledge, expansion- of the pleadings was improper because of a failure to allege any fault of a specific party. In Wilson, expansion of the pleadings was allowed, because the party at fault had notice of the facts alleged against him; a specific theory was not required under Louisiana’s fact-pleading system. Here, Zimmerman identified Raymo as the party
2.
On or about July 14, 2012, an accident occurred on the shoulder of Highway 84 W in Winn Parish, Louisiana involving a 2004 Monte Carlo automobile, owned and operated by plaintiff, DEVON R. ZIMMERMAN, and a Hummer vehicle owned by defendant, FUTURE EXPECTATIONS COMMUNITY CARE SERVICES, LLC, and operated by defendant, JOSHLAN RAYMO.
Jg?.. ■
Immediately prior to the occurrence of the collision, plaintiff, DEVON R. ZIMMERMAN, was stopped on the shoulder of the westbound Highway 84 put her vehicle in reverse and backed into plaintiffs vehicle, pushing her vehicle into a third vehicle. Defendant JOSHLAN RAYMO, then struck plaintiffs vehicle two (2) more times with her vehicle. ⅝ ⅝ ⅝
' 7.
As a result of this accident, plaintiff, DEVON R. ZIMMERMAN, sustained serious, painful and permanent bodily injuries. Plaintiff required medical treatment as a result of the injuries she sustained in this accident.
8.
Plaintiff, DEVON R. ZIMMERMAN, itemizes her damages in the following non-exclusive particulars, to-wit:
(A) Past, present and future medical expenses;
(B) Past, present and future pain and suffering;
(C) Past, present and future- mental pain and anguish;
(D) Permanent injuries and disabilities;
(E) Loss of wages and economic opportunity; and
(F) Loss of enjoyment of life.
Zimmerman has alleged the tortious conduct of Raymo caused the injuries she sustained. The fact that the petition specifically states negligence and does not mention the word “intentional” does not preclude her recovery under a theory of intentional tort, because a plaintiff is entitled to any relief under the pleadings and the evidence so long as the facts constituting the claim are alleged. The fact that Raymo rammed the Monte Carlo three times lends itself to proving intent and clearly placed Raymo on notice to defend against an intentional tort.
| inRaymo further argues that she was somehow prejudiced by the introduction of evidence of intent and improper enlargement of the pleadings. The purpose of the fact-pleading system in Louisiana is to avoid unfair prejudice by providing a system that ensures adequate notice of allegations and a fair opportunity to prepare a defense. See Smart Document Solutions, supra; Sledge, supra; and Robertson, supra. It is clear from the record, the trial court addressed the issue of Raymo’s intent at the time of the incident during the motions hearing held-about seven months previous to the trial:
The court is here today to make rulings on a motion in limine ... with respect to Item Number Four, the testimony regarding intent of the defendant at the time of the subject incident, I am going to allow certain testimony, uh, to be introduced in that regard, uh, probably come along with the just basically the facts of the case, and — and what happened and what was said and that kind of thing. I am not gonna allow' justanybody to be questioned, uh, on what they believe the state of mind of the defendant was at the time of the incident. But, within limits, I am going to allow certain testimony, uh, regarding intent. If we get to the trial and there is a question that counsel feels, uh, violates that, just raise your hand and I’ll stop and we’ll, uh, go in side bar ...
The trial court’s ruling on Zimmerman’s motion in limine was to allow evidence of Raymo’s intent at the time of the incident. Raymo had at least seven months’ notice that intent would likely be an issue raised at trial. In addition, Progressive’s answer to both petitions alleged that this was not an accident, giving Raymo sufficient notice of its plan to prove Raymo intentionally hit the Monte Carlo.
Raymo did not testify; instead, she asserted her 5th Amendment right against self-incrimination and was then dismissed.
| ^Lieutenant Westmoreland testified to his initial impressions of the scene and his incident report. He related that the Monte Carlo was heavily damaged. He stated that he interviewed all four parties at the scene and all reported the “ramming” was intentional. According to Lt. Westmoreland, Carter was the only person claiming to be injured, but Zimmerman had visible facial injuries.
Zimmerman testified that she was driving away from Winnfield on Hwy. 84, when Raymo’s Hummer came up quickly behind her, went onto the shoulder on the passenger side of her vehicle, and hit her, pushing her across the lane into oncoming traffic. Zimmerman stated that she pulled over onto the left shoulder, and Raymo parked in front of her. Once Raymo exited the Hummer, she punched Zimmerman in the eye with keys in her fist. Shortly after, Beverly Raymo pulled up behind the Monte Carlo, blocking it in. Zimmerman testified that everyone then returned to their vehicles, and she waited for Raymo to move the Hummer. Zimmerman stated the Hummer’s headlights were shining on her when suddenly the Hummer hit her car head on and both airbags deployed. The Monte Carlo was hit three times total.
At trial, Carter was read the statements he gave during a previous deposition. These statements followed the account of Zimmerman, but at trial Carter disagreed with most of them. He maintained only that the airbags exploded, he felt a hit twice, and then Raymo backed up and hit the passenger side of the Monte Carlo.
Beverly Raymo testified that her daughter called her, she found everyone on Hwy. 84, and she parked her vehicle behind Zimmerman. | ^Beverly testified that she did not see the impact, but heard it, and jumped into the grass with Zimmerman. According to Beverly the impact pushed the Monte Carlo into her vehicle. Beverly further testified that Raymo was arrested. On the night of the incident, Beverly gave a statement to Deputy Sapp of the Winn Parish Sheriffs Department, which she later changed after Raymo was released on bail.
According to Deputy Sapp, two days after the incident, Beverly changed her statement to clarify the fact that Zimmerman was not in the vehicle at the time-of impact. Deputy Sapp stated that Carter also came to the office to change his statement to say that he was the only one in the vehicle.
The jury, as the finder of fact, had the task of weighing the credibility of the witnesses. After considering the testimony and evidence presented, the jury concluded that: Zimmerman was in the vehicle at the time of impact; Raymo did intentionally ram the Monte Carlo; and, Zimmerman was injured due to Raymo’s actions. The record supports there is a reasonable, fac
Causation
In her second assignment of error, Ray-mo alleges that Zimmerman failed to carry her burden of proof at trial regarding medical causation. | lsRaymo argues Zimmerman provided no professional medical testimony to prove causation and therefore, the trial court erred in allowing the presumption of causation set forth in Housley v. Cerise,
The test for determining the causal relationship between the accident and subsequent injury is whether the plaintiff proved through medical testimony that it is more probable than not that the subsequent injuries were caused by the accident. Maranto v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 1994-2603 (La.02/20/95),
Zimmerman testified about her health before the incident, stating that she attended college, played sports, and did not have any previous injuries preventing her from enjoying a normal, healthy life. She entered certified medical records into evidence, showing injuries manifesting and continuing after the incident. The evidence required to obtain the benefit of Housley is “either medical, circumstantial, or common knowledge.” See Housley, supra; Byrnside, supra; and Henderson, supra. Under the circumstances presented here, Zimmerman’s testimony and certified medical records are the type of medical and circumstantial evidence through which any reasonable person could use common knowledge to find a possible connection between the alleged incident with Raymo and the claimed injuries that resulted. Therefore, the burden shifted to Raymo to provide evidence that she was not the cause of Zimmerman’s injuries.
We find no manifest error in the trial court’s decision to include the Housley presumption in the jury charge. Specifically, the trial court instructed the jury that Zimmerman was responsible for prov
Quantum of Damages
In her third assignment of error, Raymo argues that the jury award of $70,000.00 dollars for general damages is excessive. Those damages were listed as: physical pain and suffering; mental anguish, past and future; loss of enjoyment of life; and, physical impairment and disability. Zimmerman also appeals this award as abusively low.
General damages are those which may not be fixed with pecuniary exactitude; instead, they involve “mental or physical pain or suffering, inconvenience, the loss of intellectual gratification or physical enjoyment, or other losses of life or lifestyle which cannot be definitely measured in monetary terms.” Bellard v. American Cent Ins. Co., 2007-1335 (La.04/18/08),
| ifiThe role of an appellate court in reviewing general damages is not to decide what it considers to be an appropriate award, but rather to review the exercise of discretion by the trier of fact. Id. An appellate court may disturb a damage award only when the record clearly reveals that the trial court abused its discretion in making the award, based on the facts and circumstances peculiar to the case and the individual under consideration. McCullin v. U.S. Agencies Cas. Ins. Co., 34,661 (La.App.2d Cir.05/09/01),
Pain and suffering, both physical and mental, refers to the pain, discomfort, inconvenience, anguish, and emotional trauma that accompany an injury. McGee v. AC & S, Inc., 2005-1036 (La.07/10/06),
| ]7A1so included in general damages cán be an award for loss of enjoyment of life, which is conceptually distinct from other components of general damages, including pain and suffering. Loss
Prior to the incident, Zimmerman was in good physical and mental health with no injuries or ailments. She testified that she was enrolled at Grambling State University at the time of the incident, employed as a student worker, and completing a bachelor’s degree in business management. After the incident, Zimmerman no longer had transportation to get back and forth to school, lost her job, and could no longer participate in school athletics. According to her testimony, these facts, along with her physical pain, caused her to develop intense depression.
The photographs of the Monte Carlo after the incident depict a badly damaged vehicle. There was obvious impact on the passenger side and the front is almost completely smashed in. The Monte Carlo was so damaged it was towed from the scene and the insurer found it to be a total loss.
The medical records entered into evidence show that Zimmerman suffered various physical and mental injuries following the incident. She |1swas transported to Winn Parish Medical Center, where she was treated for injuries to her face, eye, back, knee, and leg. After this initial treatment, Zimmerman was treated by Dr. James Walker, an ophthalmologist, who prescribed medication for her eye injury and released her after only one appointment, as the injury would heal within four weeks. Zimmerman was also treated by Dr. Eubulus J. Kerr of the Spine Institute for cervical and lumbar spinal pain, bilateral knee pain, and pain in the left hand. After the initial visit, Dr. Kerr recommended physical therapy, an MRI, and prescribed medications for pain. The MRI results were normal. Zimmerman completed 11 physical therapy appointments over a 3 month period. Physical therapy reports indicate that she initially suffered from pain in joints of hand and lower leg, impaired posture, impaired muscle performance, impaired joint mobility, and impaired range of motion. Dr. Kerr diagnosed her with soft tissue injuries; he also noted mild left C6 and C7 neural foraminal narrowing and a minimal disk bulge at C5-6. Zimmerman’s last visit to Dr. Kerr was at the end of December 2012, after which she sought no further treatment for her physical injuries.
Zimmerman was also treated by Mary Darby, a psychiatrist, after the incident. Darby diagnosed Zimmerman with depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, which were attributable to the incident with Raymo. Darby’s reports were entered into evidence and reviewed by the jury. The reports indicate that Zimmerman was having trouble sleeping, was no longer eating, had lost a lot of weight, was experiencing nightmares related to the incident, and had general feelings that she was losing herself and no longer enjoying |19life. In November, Zimmerman sought treatment in the Natchitoches Parish Hospital for a possible suicide attempt brought on by depression and the use of Celexa. She was released the same day with directions to stop taking Celexa and was prescribed Zoloft. In mid-November, she discontinued treatment with Darby, but Darby reported that she was still in need of therapy.
• Past physical pain and suffering $20,000.00
• Future physical pain and suffering $0
• Past mental anguish $20,000.00
• Future mental anguish $10,000.00
• Loss of enjoyment of life $20,000.00
• Physical impairment and disability $0
From our review of the record we find the jury’s award of $70,000.00 in general damages is not excessive. Taken as a whole, the amount appears high, but the jury’s itemization under each category is not excessive, considering the entire record. Although Zimmerman suffered only minor physical injuries, those injuries still required medical treatment by several different medical providers and had a negative effect on her life and ability to function. Mental anguish overlaps with and is difficult to distinguish from physical pain, and it is clear that Zimmerman did suffer mental distress stemming from this incident.
| ^The particularly disturbing point in this case is the finding that this collision was not an accident, but was intentionally caused by Raymo. -The testimony and medical records show that Zimmerman did suffer detrimental alterations to her life and an inability to participate in the activities formerly enjoyed prior to the injury. We, therefore, find $70,000.00 is a reasonable amount for the injuries suffered by Zimmerman under these circumstances. This award is neither excessive nor abusively low, and there is no merit in the assignments of error by either Raymo or Zimmerman that the award should be amended.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court in favor of Devon Zimmerman and against Joshlan Raymo is affirmed. All costs of this appeal are assessed to Raymo.
AFFIRMED
APPLICATION FOR REHEARING
Rehearing denied.