{¶ 2} Appellant has been a Deputy Clerk with the office of Richland County Treasurer Bart Hamilton since February 1998. Defendant-Appellee, Robin Heffelfinger is the Chief Deputy Clerk with the Richland County Auditor Pat Dropsey.
{¶ 3} The Richland County Treasurer's Office and Auditor's Office share a database system. One of Appellant's responsibilities in the Treasurer's Office is the mailings. On May 18, 2006, Appellant had a discussion with an employee in the Auditor's Office concerning mailings issued from the database system. Appellant followed up the discussion with an email to the same Auditor's Office employee.
{¶ 4} Later that day, Heffelfinger came to the Treasurer's Office to speak with Appellant concerning the email. Heffelfinger had Appellant's email and told Appellant that she wanted to speak privately with her in Mr. Hamilton's office regarding the email. Appellant voluntarily followed Heffelfinger into the empty office.
{¶ 5} While Appellant and Heffelfinger were in the office, Heffelfinger stood with her back to the closed door and faced Appellant, who stood near the desk in the center of the room. The parties then engaged in a loud discussion regarding the email and the mailing system. The other employees working in the Treasurer's office that afternoon could hear the argument. After a few minutes, Appellant informed Heffelfinger that she was leaving. Heffelfinger stepped forward and grabbed Appellant's right wrist, but quickly released her wrist and stepped back. Seconds later, Mona Adams from the *3 Treasurer's Office knocked on the office door and simultaneously opened it. She opened the door a few inches when it hit Heffelfinger's foot. Ms. Adams stuck her head in the door and asked Heffelfinger to move her foot, which she immediately did. Ms. Adams opened the door the rest of the way and walked into the room. She asked the parties to stop yelling and for Heffelfinger to leave the Treasurer's Office.
{¶ 6} Appellant and Heffelfinger both exited the office and went to Appellant's desk. Appellant sat at her desk and Appellant, Heffelfinger, and two other Treasurer's Office employees professionally discussed the database and mailing system. After the ten-minute discussion, Heffelfinger leaned over and hugged Appellant. Appellant hugged her back. Heffelfinger then left the Treasurer's Office.
{¶ 7} The following Monday, Appellant and Ms. Adams met with Mr. Hamilton about what had occurred. Mr. Hamilton recommended that Appellant file a police report, but Appellant declined stating that she wanted Mr. Dropsey to take disciplinary action against Heffelfinger. Mr. Hamilton asked the other Treasurer Office employees who witnessed the incident to make written statements about their observations. In their statements, the witnesses stated that Appellant showed them bruising on her right wrist.
{¶ 8} Richland County Commissioner Gary Utt spoke with Appellant a few days later. Commissioner Utt was acting as a go-between for the Treasurer's Office and the Auditor's Office. Appellant apparently requested that Heffelfinger's employment be terminated, but Commissioner Utt stated it was an isolated incident. Appellant spoke further with Mr. Hamilton who stated that Mr. Dropsey and Heffelfinger were accusing Appellant of lying about the incident. *4
{¶ 9} As a result of the incident, Appellant states that she has suffered emotional stress that has caused her diabetic condition to deteriorate so that she now requires medication for treatment. She was also afraid to use the restroom at work in fear that she would run into Heffelfinger, further exacerbating her diabetes and causing kidney stones. She stated that she suffered bruising to her right wrist where Heffelfinger had grabbed it.
{¶ 10} On July 27, 2006, Appellant filed a complaint against Heffelfinger and Defendant-Appellee, Richland County, in the Richland County Court of Common Pleas. Because her complaint included claims under
{¶ 11} In Appellant's amended complaint, she alleged the following claims against Richland County: (1) civil conspiracy, (2) negligent hiring and retention, and (3) intentional infliction of emotional distress. She alleged the following against Heffelfinger: (1) assault and battery, (2) kidnapping, and (3) intentional infliction of emotional distress. Appellant sought to recovery compensatory damages, special damages, punitive damages, injunctive relief and reasonable attorney fees and costs.
{¶ 12} Appellees filed individual motions for summary judgment against Appellant's complaint. On April 16, 2008, the Richland County Court of Common Pleas granted summary judgment in favor of Appellees on all of Appellant's claims. It is from this decision Appellant now appeals. *5
{¶ 13} Appellant raises six Assignments of Error:
{¶ 14} "I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND DISMISSING ALL OF PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT'S CLAIMS, SUCH THAT THE JUDGMENT MUST BE REVERSED.
{¶ 15} "II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING THAT THE ACTS COMPLAINED OF BY THE PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT ARE NOT ACTIONABLE BASED UPON STATUTORY IMMUNITY SUCH THAT THE JUDGMENT MUST BE REVERSED.
{¶ 16} "III. THE TRIAL COURT APPLIED INCORRECT STANDARDS IN DETERMINING THE ISSUES OF ASSAULT AND BATTERY.
{¶ 17} "IV. THE TRIAL COURT APPLIED INCORRECT STANDARDS IN DETERMINING THE ISSUES OF KIDNAPPING AND FALSE IMPRISONMENT.
{¶ 18} "V. THE TRIAL COURT IMPROPERLY ANALYZED PLAINTIFF'S CLAIM OF INTENTIONAL INFLICTION OF EMOTIONAL DISTRESS.
{¶ 19} "VI. THE TRIAL COURT'S DETERMINATION OF PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT'S CLAIMS OF NEGLIGENT HIRING/RETENTION IS NOT SUPPORTED BY THE FACTS OF THIS CASE."
{¶ 20} Appellant's six Assignments of Error address the trial court's judgment entry granting summary judgment in favor of Appellees. In the interests of clarity and judicial economy, we consolidate the summary judgment issues presented in the assigned errors and address them jointly. *6
{¶ 21} Summary judgment motions are to be resolved in light of the dictates of Civ. R. 56. Said rule was reaffirmed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in State ex rel. Zimmerman v. Tompkins,
{¶ 22} "Civ. R. 56(C) provides that before summary judgment may be granted, it must be determined that (1) no genuine issue as to any material fact remains to be litigated, (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and (3) it appears from the evidence that reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion, and viewing such evidence most strongly in favor of the nonmoving party, that conclusion is adverse to the party against whom the motion for summary judgment is made. State ex. rel. Parsons v. Fleming (1994),
{¶ 23} As an appellate court reviewing summary judgment motions, we must stand in the shoes of the trial court and review summary judgments on the same standard and evidence as the trial court. Smiddy v. TheWedding Party, Inc. (1987),
{¶ 24} Appellant argues the trial court erred in its application of statutory immunity to her claims against Richland County and Heffelfinger.
{¶ 26} R.C. Chapter
{¶ 27} Upon review of Appellant's claims against Richland County, we find that the R.C.
{¶ 28} Appellant next argues that R.C. Chapter
{¶ 29} While Appellant's injuries arguably occurred within the scope of her employment, we agree with the majority of other appellate courts that have determined that an employer intentional tort is not excepted under R.C.
{¶ 30} The remaining claim against Richland County is Appellant's cause of action for negligent hiring/retention. The parties agree that this tort is excepted from *10
statutory immunity under R.C.
{¶ 31} The elements of a negligent hiring and retention claim are: (1) the existence of an employment relationship; (2) the fellow employee's incompetence; (3) the employer's actual or constructive knowledge of such incompetence; (4) the employee's act or omission which caused the plaintiff's injuries; and (5) the employer's negligence in hiring or retaining the employee as a proximate cause of the injury. Hull v. J.C.Penney Co., Stark App. No. 2007CA00183,
{¶ 32} The trial court determined that Appellant's claim failed as matter of law because Appellant did not provide any Civ. R. 56 evidence creating a genuine issue of fact that Heffelfinger had a propensity toward violence or aggression to render her an incompetent employee or that Richland County was aware that Heffelfinger had such a propensity prior to the incident on May 18, 2006.
{¶ 33} We agree with the trial court's determination upon our review of the evidence presented. In Appellant's deposition, she testified that after the May 18, 2006 incident, an employee told her that Heffelfinger previously had a confrontation with another employee. (Zieber Depo., pp. 65-68). Appellant also stated that she personally witnessed Appellant yell at another employee. (Zieber Depo., p. 68). Appellant did not present any Civ. R. 56 evidence that Richland County was aware of Heffelfinger's conduct before the May 18, 2006 incident. Construing the facts in a light most favorable *11 to Appellant, we cannot find that Richland County had actual or constructive knowledge of Heffelfinger's incompetence.
{¶ 34} In response to Defendants-Appellees' Motions for Summary Judgment, Appellant submitted her affidavit concerning the events at issue. The trial court determined that Appellant's affidavit was inconsistent with her prior deposition testimony and the affidavit did not provide an explanation for the contradictions to her prior testimony. As such, the trial court found pursuant to Byrd v.Smith,
{¶ 35} Accordingly, Appellant's Assignments of Error as they relate to the trial court's decision to grant summary judgment in favor of Richland County are overruled.
{¶ 37} R.C.
{¶ 38} "(A) In a civil action brought against * * * an employee of a political subdivision to recover damages for injury, death, or loss to persons or property allegedly caused by any act or omission in connection with a governmental or proprietary function, the following defenses or immunities may be asserted to establish nonliability:
{¶ 39} "* * *
{¶ 40} "(6) In addition to any immunity or defense referred to in division (A)(7) of this section and in circumstances not covered by that division or section
{¶ 41} "(a) His acts or omissions were manifestly outside the scope of his employment or official responsibilities;
{¶ 42} "(b) His acts or omissions were with malicious purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner;
{¶ 43} "(c) Liability is expressly imposed upon the employee by a section of the Revised Code."
{¶ 44} "R.C.
{¶ 45} The trial court determined there was no genuine issue of material fact as to whether Heffelfinger acted beyond the scope of her employment or whether she acted with malicious purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton and reckless manner. We will address each of Appellant's claims against Heffelfinger under our de novo review to determine the applicability of R.C.
{¶ 46} Appellant argues in her third Assignment of Error the trial court erred in its determination of Appellant's claim of assault and battery against Heffelfinger. We agree in part.
{¶ 47} A cause of action for civil assault involves "the `intentional offer or attempt, without authority or consent, to harm or offensively touch another that reasonably places the other in fear of such contact.'" Hopkins v. Columbus Bd. Of Educ., Franklin App. No. 07AP-700,
{¶ 48} We first find the trial court was correct in its determination that the Civ. R. 56 evidence presented did not demonstrate any genuine issue of material fact that *14
Heffelfinger's actions were done with malicious purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton and reckless manner. "Wanton misconduct" has been defined as a failure to exercise any care whatsoever. Jackson v. McDonald
(2001),
{¶ 49} "Bad faith" has been defined as a "`dishonest purpose, moral obliquity, conscious wrongdoing, breach of a known duty through some ulterior motive or ill will partaking of the nature of fraud.'"Jackson v. Butler Cty. Bd. of Cty. Commrs. (1991),
{¶ 50} However, examination of the issue of whether the intentional tort of assault and battery is within the scope of employment yields a different result. In determining whether an employee's act is within the scope of employment, the Ohio *15
Supreme Court set the following rationale in Byrd v. Faber (1991),
{¶ 51} "It is well-established that in order for an employer to be liable under the doctrine of respondeat superior, the tort of the employee must be committed within the scope of employment. Moreover, where the tort is intentional, as in the case at bar, the behavior giving rise to the tort must be `calculated to facilitate or promote the business for which the servant was employed * * *.' Little Miami RR. Co.v. Wetmore (1869),
{¶ 52} "However, the employer would not be liable if an employee physically assaulted a patron without provocation. As we held inVrabel v. Acri (1952),
{¶ 53} Construing the Civ. R. 56 evidence most favorably to Appellant, we hold that there is genuine issue of material fact that Heffelfinger's action of grabbing Appellant's wrist with enough force to leave a bruise was not within the scope of Heffelfinger's employment as a Chief Deputy Auditor. While the discussion between Heffelfinger and Appellant regarding the database system was calculated to facilitate or promote the business for which the servant was employed, when Heffelfinger grabbed Appellant's wrist to prevent her from leaving the discussion, her act creates a genuine issue of material fact whether Heffelfinger was acting outside the scope of employment.
{¶ 54} The Ohio Supreme Court has made a similar determination regarding the exception to the qualified immunity of a public employee. In order to determine for purposes of governmental immunity whether an attorney for the City of Cleveland was acting within the scope of his employment when he physically assaulted his opposing counsel, the Ohio Supreme Court stated,
{¶ 55} "We are unable to discern any grant of authority in either the Revised Code or the Cleveland Municipal Charter which allows an assistant law director to gratify his personal resentments, either in the form of a physical assault or a lawsuit arising therefrom, while engaged in the execution of his appointed tasks." Schulman v. City ofCleveland (1972),
{¶ 56} We find Appellant has presented evidence tending to show a material issue of fact as to an exception to qualified immunity under R.C.
{¶ 57} The evidence in this matter, however, does not lend the same credence to Appellant's claim for assault. There was no evidence presented that Heffelfinger intentionally offered or attempted, without authority or consent, to harm or offensively touch Appellant to reasonably place Appellant in fear of such contact. In Appellant's deposition, counsel asked Appellant what Appellant said to her when they were alone in the office. Appellant responded, "It's kind of hard to remember everything she said because she was talking so loud. So I would say that she said I didn't understand their side would be one of them. I don't know. Mostly it was that, and then she would talk over top of me when I would try to explain." (Zieber Depo., p. 35). Counsel cross-examined Appellant regarding the moments when Heffelfinger grabbed Appellant's wrist.
{¶ 58} "A. She moved forward one time that I can remember and that was to grab my wrist.
{¶ 59} "Q. And you are saying she moved forward to you or you stepped towards her and the door?
{¶ 60} "A. No. She grabbed me first before I stepped forward.
{¶ 61} "Q. And that was precipitated by you simply saying I'm leaving now? *18
{¶ 62} "A. I would think so, yes. * * *." (Zieber Depo., p. 26).
{¶ 63} Appellant testified that other than Heffelfinger grabbing her wrist, there was no other contact between her and Heffelfinger during the time they were in the office alone. (Zieber Depo., p. 27).
{¶ 64} Accordingly, Appellant's first, second and third Assignments of Error are sustained in part and overruled in part.
{¶ 65} Appellant's fourth Assignment of Error argues the trial court incorrectly determined Heffelfinger was entitled to judgment as a matter of law on Appellant's claim of kidnapping, which the trial court restyled as false imprisonment.
{¶ 66} False imprisonment occurs when a person confines another intentionally without privilege and against her consent within a limited area for any appreciable time, however short. Bennett v. Ohio Dept. ofRehab. Corr. (1991),
{¶ 67} As a first matter, we must determine whether Appellant has presented genuine issues of material fact to overcome Heffelfinger's presumption of immunity pursuant to R.C.
{¶ 68} Appellant also argues that Heffelfinger's grabbing of Appellant's wrist could be construed as imprisonment for purposes of the false imprisonment claim. We disagree with this argument because Appellant testified that as soon as Heffelfinger grabbed her wrist, Heffelfinger immediately let go. While the contact may be sufficient to constitute an unconsented and offensive touch for purposes of battery, we cannot find the grabbing of the wrist and immediate release to create a genuine issue of material fact for purposes of false imprisonment. Construing the facts most favorably to Appellant, we cannot find a genuine issue of material fact to overcome the presumption of immunity pursuant to R.C.
{¶ 69} Appellant's fourth Assignment of Error is therefore overruled. *20
{¶ 70} Appellant argues in her fifth Assignment of Error the trial court incorrectly analyzed Appellant's claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress. We disagree. This Court discussed the standard for demonstrating a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress in Hull v. J.C. Penney, supra. We stated:
{¶ 71} "The court correctly cited the seminal case of Yeager v. LocalUnion 20 (1983),
{¶ 72} The trial court did not err in finding no disputed facts as to whether Heffelfinger acted with malicious purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner for the purposes of Appellant's claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. The Civ. R. 56 evidence does not rise to the level of a conscious disregard of the fact that her conduct would in all probability result in injury. The next determination is whether Appellant has established a genuine issue of material fact that Heffelfinger's alleged intentional infliction of emotional distress was outside the scope of employment.
{¶ 73} Upon review of the record and construing the facts most favorably to Appellant, we cannot find that Heffelfinger's interactions with Appellant on May 18, *21 2006, and thereafter, remove Heffelfinger from her scope of employment in regards to this specific claim. We further find that even if Appellant overcame the presumption of immunity, her claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress would not survive summary judgment. We agree with the trial court that Heffelfinger's actions towards Appellant were not so outrageous in character and extreme degree as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency and to be regarded by a civilized community as atrocious. Appellant's fifth Assignment of Error is overruled.
{¶ 74} Accordingly, pursuant to our above analysis, we hereby overrule in part and sustain in part Appellant's first, second and third Assignments of Error. We overrule Appellant's fourth, fifth and sixth Assignments of Error in their totality.
{¶ 75} The judgment of the Richland County Court is affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this decision and judgment entry. By: Delaney, J. Hoffman, P.J. and Wise, J. concur. *22