Lead Opinion
INTRODUCTION
The Commission, noting that this was a case of first impression in Idaho, turned to other jurisdictions for guidance. Observing that it had found only one case which compensated a juror, and that nine other states had determined that jurors are not employees within the purview of workers’ compensation law, it concluded that I.C. § 72-205 is substantially similar to the statutory provisions of the states which denied compensation and ruled that an Idaho juror is not covered, as there is no contract of hire either express or implied. R. 48. The Commission did not favor us with any analysis of the case law upon which it relied, except by reference to the names of the states: Michigan, Maryland, Louisiana, North Carolina, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Florida, New Mexico, and Colorado. It specifically cited to the one case which allowed an injured juror to recover. Industrial Comm’n v. Rogers,
Conceding that the Commission accurately observed that the numerical weight of authority, nine to one, preponderates in favor of denying coverage, it is incumbent on this Court to analyze case
I. OTHER STATES’ PRECEDENTS
An overview of the nine cases denying coverage illustrates that after the first case denying coverage was followed by a second such holding, there was a readily observable propensity toward becoming “aligned with the great weight of authority.” The most recent case from the nine jurisdictions mentioned by the Commission is Jeansonne v. Parish of E. Baton Rouge,
The Louisiana court made no mention of the single contrary but well-reasoned analysis and holding of the Ohio Court of Appeals, Industrial Comm’n v. Rogers,
In reaching our conclusion that a juror is not covered by our Workman’s Compensation Law, we note that such result has been reached by the overwhelming majority of states deciding the question. Metropolitan Dade County v. Glassman,341 So.2d 995 (Fla.1976); 1-A Larson, The Law of Workmen’s Compensation, § 56.35 (1973).
Jeansonne,
Decided fourteen months earlier than Jeansonne was Maryland’s Lockerman v. Prince George’s County,
Our inquiry therefore reduces itself to whether those (normal contractual) incidents (of the employer-employee relationship) are present in the relationship of a juror with either the State or the county____ We think it clear that they are not and conclude that an injured juror is not an employee entitled to receive compensation, aligning ourselves with six of the seven jurisdictions which have decided the issue.
The Maryland court did venture into a general analysis of the prerequisite of employment as essential to eligibility for compensation benefits, as had been stated by earlier members of the court in 1951:
Our predecessors recognized the principles we now reiterate more than a quarter-century ago, when they opined: ‘Of course, in order to warrant payment of compensation under the Workmen’s Compensation Act, it is essential that there should have existed at the time of the injury (an express or implied) contract of employment between the alleged employer and the injured workman.’ Sun Cab Co. v. Powell,196 Md. 572 , 579,77 A.2d 783 , 786 (1951).
Lockerman,
Hicks v. Guilford,
Since in this jurisdiction a juror is not an employee, the North Carolina Workmen’s Compensation Act does not apply to an injury sustained by a juror in the course of his or her service as such. Consequently, the Industrial Commission was without jurisdiction in this matter. The judgment of the superior court is, therefore, reversed, and the award of the Industrial Commission is vacated.
Hicks,
The Hicks opinion provides us with that state’s statutory definition of employee, which is on a par with Idaho’s, and then continues on to say:
This definition adds nothing to the common law meaning of the term ‘employee.’ Hayes v. Board of Trustees of Eton College [224 N.C. 11 ,29 S.E.2d 137 ], supra. As was said by Stacy, C.J., in Hollowell v. North Carolina Department of Conservation and Development,206 N.C. 206 ,173 S.E. 603 , ‘The sum of the whole matter is that before the provisions of the Workmen’s Compensation Act are called into play, the relation of master and servant, or employer and employee, or some appointment, must exist, and this is the initial fact to be established.’
In Scott v. Waccamaw Lumber Co.,
The question whether one employed to perform specified work for another is to be regarded as an independent contractor, or as an employee within the operation of the Workmen’s Compensation Act is determined by the application of the ordinary common-law tests. * * * The test to be applied in determining whether the relationship of the parties under a contract for the performance of work is that of employer and employee, or that of employer and independent contractor is whether the party for whom the work is being done has the right to control the worker with respect to the manner or method of doing the work, as distinguished from the right merely to require certain definite results conforming to the contract. If the employer has the right of control, it is immaterial whether he actually exercises it.
It does not necessarily follow that one who is not an independent contractor is an employee within the coverage of the Act. One performing work or rendering services may not fall into either category. Thus, a prisoner, who certainly is not an independent contractor, is not an employee as defined in G.S. § 97 — 2(b), though prisoners are now specifically brought within the Act to a limited extent by another provision of the statute. Lawson v. North Carolina State Highway and Public Works Commission,248 N.C. 276 ,103 S.E.2d 366 .
One may be an employee, within the meaning of the Workmen’s Compensation Act, though his employment is involuntary and under the compulsion of legal process. Thus, in Moore v. State,200 N.C. 300 ,156 S.E. 806 , one deputized by a forest warden to assist him in subduing a forest fire, and injured by an accident in the process of rendering such service, was held entitled to compensation under the Act. Similarly, in Tomlinson v. Town of Norwood,208 N.C. 716 ,182 S.E. 659 , one deputized by a police officer to assist him in making an arrest was held entitled to compensation under the Act for injuries received in so doing. It will be observed that in each of these situations the person, so called into the public service, was under the direction and control of the officer, so deputizing him, as to the manner in which his service was to be rendered.
Hicks,
Shortly after Hicks the New Jersey Division of Workmen’s Compensation denied benefits to a state employee who was called as a juror. As with Mrs. Yount’s claim, the claim of Mrs. Silagy was submitted on a stipulation of facts and a request for a court determination of law. The Mercer County Court affirmed the denial of her claim, both as against the state and as against the county. Silagy v. State & Mercer County,
[I]t has been held uniformly that a juror is not an employee of the county which summons him for duty. See Board of*? Com’rs of Eagle County v. Evans,99 Colo. 83 ,60 P.2d 225 (Sup.Ct.1936); Seward v. County of Bernalillo,61 N.M. 52 ,294 P.2d 625 (Sup.Ct.1956); Jochen v. County of Saginaw,363 Mich. 648 ,110 N.W.2d 780 (Sup.Ct.1961) and Hicks v. Guilford County,267 N.C. 364 ,148 S.E.2d 240 (Sup.Ct.1966).
Silagy,
An appeal from the Mercer County court decision to an intermediate appellate New Jersey court proved fruitless, but did produce some guarded advocacy on the proposition of being liberal:
We are mindful of the decisional law in this State declaring that ‘Our act is construed to bring as many cases as possible within its coverage,’ and that a broad interpretation is consistent with the general judicial policy of construing the act liberally in order to implement its beneficent purposes. [Citations omitted.]
Silagy v. State & Mercer County,
We also recognize plausible merit to the contention that compensation coverage should be extended to state employees while serving on jury duty. However, we are constrained to conclude that the arguments advanced by petitioner are beyond the plain language of our act and should be addressed, in the first instance, to the Legislature. As an intermediate appellate court we adhere to the existing law of the State and, in the absence of appropriate amendatory legislation, ‘any departure from it should be undertaken by the court of last resort, and not by the Appellate Division.’ [Citations omitted.]
Silagy v. State,
The year 1977 produced another unimpressive decision which is part of the entourage of “overwhelming authority” relied upon by the defendants (the State Insurance Fund and Boundary County) in resisting Mrs. Yount’s claim for benefits. A Florida man who appeared at the courthouse for jury duty was knocked down and injured by a crowd exiting an elevator in the courthouse lobby. The Supreme Court of Florida denied his claim, which was against both Dade County and the state of Florida. Metropolitan Dade County v. Glassman,
The New Mexico decision in Seward v. County of Bernalillo best typifies how the overwhelming majority of courts approached the task of deciding the issue, which cannot be described any better than by setting out at length the New Mexico Supreme Court’s full opinion:
The question for decision: Is a juror who suffers an accidental injury while in the performance of his duties as such entitled to an award of compensation for*312 his injury under the provisions of our Workmen’s Compensation Law, 1953 Comp. § 59-10-1 et seq.l
The learned trial judge said nay. So say we. Board of Commissioners of Eagle County v. Evans,99 Colo. 83 ,60 P.2d 225 .
The judgment is affirmed.
It is so ordered.
Seward,
Castro v. State of California and County of Los Angeles,
Of some considerable importance, the court noted the case was not an action by Sederberg seeking to obtain workers’ compensation benefits for his injuries, but an action against him, sounding in negligence, attempting to include each of the two governmental entities as his putative employer. The court did not rule that Sederberg was not, under the circumstances, an employee:
Stated otherwise, the fact that a prospective trial juror may be regarded as an employee for the purpose of providing him, when injured, some monetary relief when that injury was sustained in the course of his or her employment does not compel that such individual be so regarded when the effect of doing so is not to provide the individual with protection from the adverse consequences of an injury sustained in the course of employment but, instead, to enlarge the group of those liable for the torts of the individual.
Consequently, for the purpose of imposing vicarious liability in tort upon public entities, we choose to regard trial jurors as nonemployees of those entities, however they may be viewed for workers’ compensation purposes.
Castro,
Rector v. Cherry Valley Timber Co.,
The Washington Supreme Court quoted Section 3, C74 of its 1911 workers’ compensation act: “Workman means every person in this state who, after September 30,1911, is engaged in the employment of an employer [engaged in industrial work].”
The cases denying coverage, while they may numerically amount to a weight of authority, do not arise to the status of persuasive authority. Moreover, different states have different statutory provisions. Accordingly we must keep in mind the enlightening language of the New Jersey Court of Appeals in Silagy v. State,
II. THE IDAHO STATUTES
Thirty years ago a unanimous Idaho Supreme Court, speaking through Justice Knudson, stated the deference with which this Court applies the humane purposes of the legislature’s enactment: “It is too well settled under the decisions of this Court to require the citation of authorities that the provisions of the Workmen’s Compensation Law of this state are to be liberally construed.” Burch v. Potlatch Forests, Inc.,
We are mindful of the decisional law in this State declaring that ‘Our act is construed to bring as many cases as possible within its coverage,’ and that a broad interpretation is consistent with the general judicial policy of construing the act liberally in order to implement its beneficent purposes. [Citations omitted.]
Silagy,
Because of the unique circumstances that a citizen is thrust into when called upon to serve as a juror, we deem it improvident to overzealously adhere to the technical rules which the Commission thought appropriate in this instance, namely, utilizing the distinctions between one who performs services as an employee visa-vis one who performs those same services as an independent contractor. Industrial Commission Decision, R. at 48-49. The Commission concluded that “the weight of the evidence is that [a juror] was more like an independent contractor than an employee while she served on jury duty and hence is not entitled to worker’s compensation benefits. R. at 49. We do not perceive that to be the correct test in these circumstances, and we find the language of the North Carolina Supreme Court persuasive. Ante at 310,
We turn to the Commission’s decision, R., 47, where it sets forth I.C. § 72-205,
There is considerable language in all of the early cases which suggest the requirement of a contract, and one dealing extensively with that proposition is Lockerman, the holding of which rested on Maryland’s 1951 Sun Cab case,
An award of compensation depends on the existence of employer-employee relationship. Moon v. Ervin,64 Idaho 464 ,133 P.2d 933 ; Brewster v. McComb,78 Idaho 228 ,300 P.2d 507 . Under the workmen’s compensation law the relationship of employer and employee depends upon a contract of hire which may be either express Or implied. Lockard v. St. Maries Lumber Co.,76 Idaho 506 ,285 P.2d 473 ; Shamburg v. Shamburg,153 Neb. 495 ,45 N.W.2d 446 .
In Re Sines,82 Idaho 527 , 531,356 P.2d 226 .
R. 18. Both the Lockerman holding and the Sines holding are couched in terms of requiring a contract of hire, express or implied. This argument may be what misled the Commission into linking subsection (1) of I.C. § 72-205 to subsection (2). However, we direct attention to the fact that when the Sines case was decided there was in effect no statutory definition of public employment even vaguely resembling I.C. § 72-205, and in particular subsection (2) thereof. The previous statute was I.C. § 72-103, which can be read at page 304 of Volume 11, 1947 Idaho Code. It was wholly repealed by the 1971 complete recodifica
No reason was advanced by the Commission in its decision, and nothing is suggested by defendants in their brief, which would justify affording coverage to those classes of workers specifically afforded coverage by statute, yet not including jurors. We also note that the statutory scheme does not exclude jurors. We reasonably surmise that the legislature simply failed to consider whether jurors should or should not be eligible for compensation benefits when injured while doing jury service. In that regard, we have resorted to our experiences and beliefs, and a general consensus is that most of us would have thought that there was coverage for jurors. Moreover, it is not unrealistic to surmise that most jurors, knowing of the Act, would expect that there is coverage.
The Industrial Commission’s written decision, Finding of Fact I, states that: “At all times relevant hereto, Boundary County had assured its obligations under the workmens’ compensation law with State Insurance Fund.” That same finding also states that: “As a juror, Claimant was entitled to statutory compensation of $5.00 per one-half day of service or $10.00 for a full day of service plus mileage one way to the courthouse.” R. 46. Where Mrs. Yount has been found by the Commission to be in service as a juror, we can only conclude that as a juror she was indeed in the service of the county. That being the case, there remains the question of whether she qualifies as a person covered by the Workers’ Compensation Act under any one of the six definitions provided by the legislature in I.C. § 72-205. She does not so qualify under (3), (4), (5), and (6), and whether she qualifies under (1) we need not decide because she does qualify under (2). Mrs. Yount’s term as a juror was indeed performance in the service of Boundary County.
The defendants argue strenuously that Mrs. Yount should not be afforded coverage unless she fulfills the provisions of both (1) and (2) of I.C. § 72-205. We are not persuaded, and point out that there is no conjunctive linking between (1) and (2), which is equally true of all six subsections. Each is disjunctively stated as an independent basis for defining public employees in public employment, and hence subject to the Workers’ Compensation Act. There is no more reason for linking subsection (2) to (1) than there is to link (2) to (3), (4), (5), or (6). A close reading of the opinions from the “aligned” jurisdictions will disclose to anyone that the key point throughout was whether or not an employer-employee relationship had been created by a contract, express or implied. The most recent opinion from the “aligned” states, Louisiana’s Jeansonne case,
This appeal requests us to bring jurors within the encompass of the Idaho Workers’ Compensation Act. Clearly the appellate court in New Jersey had in mind that it should be done:
We are mindful of the decisional law in this State declaring that ‘Our act is construed to bring as many cases as possible within its coverage,’ and that a broad interpretation is consistent with the general judicial policy of construing the act liberally in order to implement its beneficent purposes. See, e.g., Hannigan v. Goldfarb,53 N.J.Super. 190 , 195,147 A.2d 56 (App.Div.1958); O’Brien v. First Camden Nat’l Bank & Trust Co.,37 N.J. 158 , 162-163,179 A.2d 740 (1962).
We also recognize plausible merit to the contention that compensation coverage should be extended to state employ*316 ees while serving on jury duty. However, we are constrained to conclude that the arguments advanced by petitioner are beyond the plain language of our act and should be addressed, in the first instance, to the Legislature. As an intermediate appellate court we adhere to the existing law of the State and, in the absence of appropriate amendatory legislation, ‘any departure from it should be undertaken by the court of last resort, and not by the Appellate Division.’ [Citations omitted.]
Silagy,
The Ohio Court of Appeals, Hamilton County, held that a juror was within the coverage of its Workmen’s Compensation Law, observing that the juror was in the service of the state under appointment, and not by contract of hire:
This question involves the construction of section 1465-61, General Code. The pertinent parts of that section are as follows:
The terms ‘employee,’ ‘workman’ and ‘operative’ as used in this act [G.C. § 1465-45 et seq.], shall be construed to mean:
1. Every person in the service of the state, or of any county, ... under any appointment or contract of hire, ... except any official of the state, or of any county____
A juror is engaged in the service of the state and of the county. In state cases, the juror would be engaged in the service of the state. His selection and service are provided for by the Legislature, and the service is paid for out of the county funds by the county wherein the service is rendered. That service is not for contract of hire, but by appointment. The manner of the selection is familiar to the courts and the legal profession, and it is unnecessary to comment further upon the method of appointment.
Rogers,
Jurors in Ohio are selected by a jury commission; their names are placed in a wheel, and they are blindly drawn out of the jury wheel as they are needed. By their manner of drawing, an element of chance enters into their final selection, but when drawn, their selection by the*317 jury commission becomes a definite appointment for such service. There is no element of chance in the mode of selection by the jury commission for deposit in the wheel. They are selected with reference to their judgment and qualifications as jurors, and with reference to their geographical location; and when they are drawn from the wheel, their definite selection is accomplished.
We are unable to draw a distinction between the selection of a juror by the jury commission and the appointment of such juror by the jury commission; nor are we able to interpret such selection or appointment as being any the less a selection or appointment, because an element of chance enters into the determination of whether the selection or appointment of such juror shall eventually result in his being required to perform jury service. His appointment, however, differs from the appointment of deputies, clerks, and assistants to other officers, in that such deputies, clerks, etc., are appointed to positions provided for by law, at a compensation fixed by law or in a manner provided by law, and are at liberty to accept or decline such an appointment. A juror is appointed to a position created by law, but has no option to decline such appointment.
Rogers,
Idaho Code § 72-205(2) does not include language which is found in the Ohio statute pertaining to people under contracts for hire. The preceding statute, I.C. § 72-203, declares that workers’ compensation law “shall apply to all public employment.” Idaho Code § 72-205(2) is a legislative definition of public employment. Black’s Law Dictionary, as usual, is helpful. “Service” and “employment” generally imply that the employer, or entity to whom the service is due, both selects and compensates the employee, or person rendering the service.
We also cannot help but keep in mind that although Mrs. Yount is apparently the first person in Idaho to become injured while actively in jury service, and while her injuries may be far from disabling and her medical bills and related expenses may not be extreme, there is always the specter of a very serious accident occurring while on jury duty. For example, the potential of an accident occurring might arise when in a given case the jury wants to view the scene of property in condemnation proceedings or an alleged accident, and the judge directs the bailiff to obtain vehicles necessary to transport the jury to view the site.
Moreover, in regard to Mrs. Yount's claim, and her likelihood of being called again for jury service, and other citizens being likewise called, would it not be far better that they and all jurors be given an assurance that, although their daily stipend is small, for any injuries incurred on jury duty the county’s insurance will pay the bills and recompense them for any injury suffered? It is also much doubted that any of the Idaho trial judges would penalize a prospective juror who declares: “No thanks for your offer of jury duty until I know that I will be covered while so serving the county.” Mrs. Yount’s claim, and her counsel’s pursuit of it, has served the admirable purpose of alerting this Court and likely many other uninformed citizens of a defect needing to be corrected, which is all to the benefit of jurors today and in the future, and for the benefit of a justice system that relies on jurors, all in accordance with our Idaho Constitution.
The decision of the Industrial Commission is reversed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings which will include determining Mrs. Yount’s permanent disability, her medical expenses, and the entry
Notes
. The court’s opinion in Parker was not an in depth effort. Twenty lines long, it recited that for his work inmate Parker was paid two cents per hour. It found "persuasive” the reasoning of Jones v. Houston Fire & Casualty Ins. Co.,
. The Maryland court also declared its awareness that the Maryland Workmen’s Compensation Act is to be liberally construed. Lockerman,
. The Commission’s Findings, Conclusions, and Order, Part III, states in full:
The ultimate question in finding an employment relationship is whether the employer assumes the right to control the time, manner, and method of executing the work of the employee, as distinguished from the right merely to require certain definite results in conformity with their agreement. Four factors are traditionally used in determining whether a ‘right to control’ exists, including, (1) direct evidence of the right; (2) the method of payment; (3) furnishing major items of equipment; and (4) the right to terminate the employment relationship at will and without liability. Burdick v. Thorton [Thornton],
(Emphasis added.)
. First, however, the court felt constrained to note that "[tjhere are decisions in our sister states which have rejected a juror’s compensation claim against a county on the theory that ‘his position as a juryman is not the result of a contract,’ ” citing the North Carolina, Colorado, and New Mexico trilogy. Silagy,
. The Lockerman court, "aligning ... with six of the seven jurisdictions which have decided the issue,"
. Idaho Code § 72-205 reads as follows:
Public employment generally — Coverage.— The following shall constitute employees in public employment and their employers subject to the provisions of this law:
(1) Every person in the service of the state or of any political subdivision thereof, under any contract of hire, express or implied, and every official or officer thereof, whether elected or appointed, while performing his official duties, except officials of athletic contests involving secondary schools, as defined by section 33-119, Idaho Code.
(2) Every person in the service of a county, city, or any political subdivision thereof, or of any municipal corporation.
(3) Participants in the Idaho youth conservation project under the supervision of the Idaho state forester.
(4) Every person who is a member of a volunteer fire or police department shall be deemed, for the purposes of this law, to be in the employment of the political subdivision or municipality where the department is organized.
(5) Every person who is a regularly enrolled volunteer member or trainee of the department of disaster and civil defense, or of a civil defense corps, shall be deemed, for the purposes of this law, to be in the employment of the state.
(6) Members of the Idaho national guard while on duty and employees of or persons providing voluntary service to an approved Idaho national guard morale, welfare, and recreational activity. No Idaho compensation benefits shall inure to any such member, employee or volunteer or their beneficiaries for any injury or death compensable under federal law.
(7)(6) [Effective January 15, 1990] A community service worker, as that term is defined in section 72-102, Idaho Code, is considered to be an employee in public employment for purposes of receiving workmen’s compensation benefits, which shall be the community service worker’s exclusive remedy for all injuries and occupational diseases as provided under chapters 1 through 8, title 72, Idaho Code.
. Idaho Code § 2-206 provides in part:
The jury commission for each county shall compile and maintain a master list consisting of all voter registration lists for the county supplemented with names from other lists of persons resident therein, such as lists of utility customers, property taxpayers, motor vehicle registrations, and drivers’ licenses, which the Supreme Court from time to time designates.
Idaho Code § 2-207 provides: “The jury commission for each county shall maintain a master juiy wheel, into which the commission shall place the names or identifying numbers of prospective jurors taken from the master list.”
Idaho Code § 2-208 provides: “From time to time and in a manner prescribed by the administrative judge the jury commission publicly shall draw at random from the master jury wheel the names or identifying numbers of as many prospective jurors as the administrative judge by order requires.”
Idaho Code § 2-210 provides: "The jury commission shall maintain a qualified jury wheel and shall place therein the names or identifying numbers of all prospective jurors drawn from the master jury wheel who are not disqualified under section 2-209, Idaho Code."
. Chief Justice Bakes will recall that over twenty years ago we had just such an opportunity, when, as involved counsel, we both accompanied a jury on a viewing along the Pend d’Oreille River in northern Idaho.
Concurrence Opinion
specially concurring.
I concur in the result reached and in the majority’s view that jurors are covered by the Workers’ Compensation Act for injuries suffered while in jury service under the definition in I.C. § 72-205(2). However, it would be my view that I.C. § 72-205(1) also affords coverage, as certainly jurors are appointed officials of the county while in such service.
As a former trial judge of this state, I confess that it has always been my belief that jurors were so covered, and if so asked by a juror, would have advised them accordingly. The tremendous responsibility thrust upon jurors as a result of such public service qualifies them as public officials of the highest order and no less important to the success of the judicial system than are the judges, clerks, bailiffs, court reporters, and other full time employees of the state or county.
I concur with the Court’s conclusion that I.C. § 72-205(2)
I believe that the Idaho statute is distinguishable from the statutes in other states. I.C. § 72-205(2) covers “persons in the service of a county” and does not require that such a person in the service of a county be an employee serving pursuant to a contract of employment, as is apparently required of service under subsection (1) of 72-205. While subsections (1) and (2) of 72-205 are somewhat overlapping and redundant, to incorporate the requirement in subsection (1) of service under a contract of hire into subsection (2) would make the two sections totally redundant. For whatever reasons, the legislature, in drafting subsection (2), did not require that “person[s] in the service of a county” must be performing that service “under any contract of hire, express or implied,” as is required in subsection (1). Accordingly, I concur in the Court’s conclusion that county jury service is subject to the provisions of the worker’s compensation laws.
. 72-205. Public employment generally — Coverage. — The following shall constitute employees in public employment and their employers subject to the provisions of this law:
(1) Every person in the service of the state or of any political subdivision thereof, under any contract of hire, express or implied, and every official or officer thereof, whether elected or appointed, while performing his official duties, except officials of athletic contests involving secondary schools, as defined by section 33-119, Idaho Code.
(2) Every person in the service of a county, city, or any political subdivision thereof, or of any municipal corporation.