Opinion
I
Introduction
Appellant Michael R. Younan (hereinafter referred to as plaintiff), appeals from an order of the superior court dismissing four of his alleged causes of action as to the defendants Equifax Inc. and William A. Black, respondents herein (hereinafter referred to as Equifax and Black) 1 following orders sustaining the demurrers of Equifax and Black to the third, fourth, fifth and sixth causes of action of plaintiff’s third amended complaint without leave to amend.
Plaintiff’s suit against defendants 2 arose from a denial of plaintiff’s claim under an insurance contract providing benefits in event of “Permanent Total Disability” from accidental “injury.”
Generally, plaintiff alleges that defendants set up a “medical examination” of plaintiff, which was by agreement among defendants, predetermined to provide defendant American Home Assurance Company (hereinafter referred to as American Home) with a false report *503 thereby providing that defendant with a false but plausible sounding excuse to deny plaintiff’s claim for disability benefits.
The third amended complaint designates the following causes of action and parties thereto: 1. First cause of action: “Bad Faith” (naming defendant American Home only). 2. Second cause of action: “Breach of Contract” (naming defendant American Home only). 3. Third cause of action: “Conspiracy to defraud” (naming all defendants). 4. Fourth cause of action: “Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress” (naming all defendants). 5. Fifth cause of action: “Fraud” (naming defendants Equifax and Black only). 6. Sixth cause of action: “Constructive Fraud” (naming defendants Equifax and Black only). 7. Seventh cause of action: “Fraud” (naming defendant Packer only) 8. Eighth cause of action: “Constructive Fraud” (naming defendant Packer only). 9. Ninth cause of action: “Negligence” (naming defendant Packer only).
Plaintiff made no request below for permission to amend the third amended complaint; rather plaintiff’s appeal urges that the third amended complaint, as framed, sets forth facts sufficient to state each cause of action alleged therein.
II
Statement of Alleged Facts
So far as pertinent to this appeal the facts alleged by plaintiff in his third amended complaint are summarized as follows:
A. Third Cause of Action (“Conspiring to Defraud.”)
Thе insurer American Home originated a scheme and plan to wrongly deny plaintiff’s insurance claim. Defendánts Equifax and Black conspired with American Home, and agreed to locate and persuade the defendant Dr. Jordan Packer (hereinafter referred to as Packer) to examine plaintiff and prepare a false report which provided American Home a false but plausible sounding excuse to deny plaintiff’s claim for disability benefits.
Equifax and Black advised plaintiff that he was to submit to a medical examination. Plaintiff expected to receive a physical examination (but, instead) was referred to several psychological clinicians (none of whom were medical doсtors) where each conducted various psychologist. *504 cal tests 3 upon plaintiff. In his report thereon, Packer (a licensed psychologist) omitted certain of the results of said tests.
Shortly after receipt of Packer’s false report, American Home denied plaintiff’s claim for disability benefits. 4
B. Fourth Cause of Action (“Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress.”)
“The aforesaid outrageous conduct by defendants, and each of them, was done intentionally for the purpose of depriving plaintiff of money due him and to inflict upon him emotional distress at a time when he was incapable of earning a living with which to support himself and his family.
“As a direct and proximate result of said outrageous conduct by defendants, and each of them, plaintiff has suffered severe emotional distress, all to plaintiff’s general damages. . . . ”
C. The Fifth Cause of Action (“Fraud.”)
“Although Equifax Inc., Equifax Services, William Black.. .had entered into the aforesaid scheme and fraudulent agreement to deny plaintiff's claim and to have plaintiff examined for fraudulent and wrongful purposes as aforesaid, said defendants did nevertheless make certain material misrepresentations to plaintiff:
“A. Said defendants falsely represented to plaintiff that he would be examined by Jordan Packer a medical doctor; said representation was known to be false when it was made in that the true fact was that Packer was a clinical psychologist.
*505 “B. Said defendants falsely represented to рlaintiff that said examination was being requested in order that American Home have sufficient medical information to objectively and fairly consider plaintiff’s claim for disability benefits; said representation was known to be false when it was made in that the true fact was that said examination was, by prior agreement among all defendants herein, a sham and a ruse designed only to provide American Home with a false medical report that could be used to deny plaintiff’s claim rather than to be used to objectively review and consider plaintiff’s claim.
“C. Said defendants falsely represented to plaintiff that following said medical examination Dr. Packer would write a fair and objective report of his findings to American Home in order that plaintiff’s claim could be honestly evaluated; said representation was known to be false when it was made in that the true fact was that said report was, by prior agreement among all defendants herein, to be written in such a manner that it would state that plaintiff was not totally and permanently disabled when in fact he was.
“The foregoing false representations were known by said defendants to be false when they were made but were made nevertheless in order to induce plaintiff to attend and submit to the aforesaid examination.
“At all times relevant plaintiff was unaware of the falsity of said representations inasmuch as plaintiff reposed trust and confidence in said defendants аs they represented themselves to be agents of American Home.
“Said false representations were made to induce plaintiff to submit to said examination, and in reliance on said representations plaintiff was so induced and did submit to said examination.
“Because of plaintiff’s fiduciary relationship with American Home plaintiff justifiably believed that the agents and representatives of American Home would likewise conduct themselves with honesty and integrity commensurate with the obligations of a fiduciary when dealing with plaintiff; and, in justifiable reliance on the truth of said representations plaintiff did submit to said examination believing he would be fairly and objectively examined by a medical doctor who would thereаfter report his findings truthfully, objectively and completely.
*506 “Had plaintiff been informed of the agreement and scheme between American Home, Equifax, Black and Packer plaintiff would not have submitted to said examination; but for the aforesaid misrepresentations plaintiff would not have attended said examination.
“As a direct and proximate result of said false representations plaintiff did submit to said examination and American Home thereupon received the aforesaid false report prepared by Dr. Packer and using it as its basis, American Home denied plaintiff’s claim all to plaintiff’s general damages. . . . ”
D. The Sixth Cause of Action (“Constructive Fraud.”)
“Because plaintiff had a fiduciary relationship with American Home and because defendants Equifax, Inc., Equifax Services, William Black . . . represented to plaintiff that they were the 'local representatives of American Home plaintiff was induced to and did repose trust and confidence in said defendants in all matters connected with his claim for disability benefits including any examination of plaintiff which said defendants were trying to arrange; as a consequence of said confidential relationship said defendants had the duty and obligation to fully and fairly disclose to plaintiff herein which would materially affect plaintiff’s right to have a fair and impartial evaluation of his claim for disability benefits.
“Although Equifax Inc., Equifax Services, William Black. . .had entered into the aforesaid scheme and agreement to deny plaintiff’s claim and to- have plaintiff examined for fraudulent and wrongful purposes, as aforesaid, said defendants did nevertheless withhold said facts and did fail to disclose said relevant matters in communicating with plaintiff for the purpose of arranging and inducing plaintiff to submit to said examination at the offices of Packer.
“In connection with their acts in sending plaintiff to Packer’s office said defendants intentionally failed to disclose to plaintiff that:
“A. American Home had engaged each and all of the other defendants herein to arrange for American Home to receive a false report to plaintiff’s condition for the purpose of denying plaintiff’s claim for disability benefits;
*507 “B. Equifax Inc., Equifax Servicеs, William Black ... agreed to locate a doctor willing to write a false report, as aforesaid;
“C. Equifax Inc., Equifax Services, William Black ... sought out and induced Dr. Packer to agree to writing a false report, as aforesaid;
“D. The examination was to be a ruse and a sham and conducted only to give Packer the opportunity to write said false report to be used by American Home to deny plaintiff’s claim.
“The aforesaid omissions and failures to disclose to plaintiff were done for the purpose of inducing plaintiff to submit to an examination by a doctor who had no intention of examining or reporting honestly and objectively.
“Based upon the relationship between plaintiff and said defendants рlaintiff had no reason to question and he did not question, the motives and conduct of said defendants and as a result of said confidential relationship plaintiff was so induced and did therefore submit to said examination by Packer believing he would be fairly and objectively examined by a medical doctor who would thereafter report his findings truthfully, objectively and completely.
“Had plaintiff been informed of the agreement and scheme between American Home, Equifax, Black and Packer plaintiff would not have submitted to said examination.
“As a direct and proximate result of said fraudulent omissions, plaintiff did submit to said examination and American Home thereupon received the aforesaid false report рrepared by Packer and denied plaintiff’s claim all to plaintiff’s. . . damages.. . . ”
III
Discussion
Third Count (“Conspiracy to Defraud.”)
Defendants Equifax and Black contend that plaintiff failed to state a cause of action against them for “Conspiracy to Defraud,” and that an action based therein cannot be stated against them.
*508 Basically plaintiffs third cause of action is predicated upon a “Conspiracy to Defraud” plaintiff of permanent disability benefits under a contract of insurance by setting up a “medical examination” of plaintiff in a way predetermined to produce a false report of his physical condition thereby furnishing the insurer defendant (American Home) with a false but plausible sounding excuse to deny plaintiffs claim for permanent disability benefits.
To be actionable (conspiracy) the alleged combination must result in the commission of a civil wrong, either by the perpetration of an unlawful act or some injurious act by unlawful means, resulting in damage.
5
(Agnew
v.
Parks
(1959)
Agents and Employees as Conspirators
The crucial question raised by the case before us is whether a cause of action for conspiracy will lie (assuming that all of the necessary allegations are pled) against persons not parties to the contract of insurance. Equifax and Black contend that an insurer’s representative cannot be held liable for engaging in a “Conspiracy” with an insurer to “wrongly deny” claims. 6
In support of their position respondents cite
Gruenberg
v.
Aetna Ins. Co.
(1973)
As previously noted Gruenberg and the case now before us bear a number of factual similarities. 8 In Gruenberg, unlike the case now before us, the sole basis of the complaint was the defendants’ alleged breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing implied in every insurance contract. The Gruenberg court decided the issue of whether or not a noninsurer defendant, since not a party to the agreement of insurance, and therefore having no duty of good faith and fair dealing thereon, could be held liable on the theory of conspiracy to breach that duty. In so doing the court did not as respondent erroneously concludes, enunciate a rule exempting agents and employees from liability for all civil conspiracies. In this regard the court stated as to the noninsurer defendants-. “Obviously, the non-insurer defendants were not parties to the agreements for insurance; therefore, they are not, as such, subject to *510 an implied duty of good faith and fair dealing.” It was in this regard that the court went on to say: “Moreover, as agents and employees of the defendant insurers, they cannot be held аccountable on a theory of conspiracy.” The court explained that this rule is derived from the principle that “... ordinarily corporate agents and employees acting for and on behalf of the corporation cannot be held liable for inducing a breach of the corporation’s contract since being in a confidential relationship to the corporation their action in this respect is privileged.” (Gruenberg v. Aetna Ins. Co., supra, 9 Cal.3d 566, 576.)
The court clearly indicated that it was dealing solely with the tort of breach of duty of good faith and fair dealing and not other torts. In this regard the court said: “[P]laintiff alleges that.. .the insurance adjusting firm and its employee.. .were the agents and employees of defеndant insurers and each other and were acting within the scope of that agency and employment when they committed the acts attributed to them. However, plaintiff contends that these noninsurer defendants breached only the duty of good faith and fair dealing;
therefore, we need not consider the possibility that they may have committed another tort in their respective capacities as total strangers to the contracts of
insurance.” (Italics added; p. 576.) The
Gruenberg
court, as did the court in
Wise
v.
Southern Pacific Co., supra, 223
Cal.App.2d 50, cited by respondent, insofar as they insulated corporate agents and employees from liability for civil conspiracy, limit such immunity to civil conspiricies that are based on the
duty of good faith and fair dealing implied in certain contracts
for inducing thе breach of the principles’ contract. As the court aptly stated in
Cancino
v.
Farmers Ins. Group
(1978)
Contrary to this situation described in Gruenberg in the case now before us, plaintiff in his third cause of aсtion does not base his claim on any duty of good faith and fair dealing. As previously discussed, if he had done so, the defendants Equifax and Black would have been insu *511 lated against such an alleged conspiracy inasmuch as they were not parties to the agreement of insurance. Rather, plaintiff’s claim here is that all defendants conspired to commit certain wrongful acts against him and that such acts were fraudulent and unprivileged. 9 It is not material to the issue here raised that plaintiff may not be able to prove his allegations at the time of trial.
The law imposes the obligation that every person is bound without contract to abstain from injuring the person or property of another, or infringing upon any of his rights. This duty is
independent
of the contract and attaches over and above the terms of the contract.
10
The fact that there existed a contract between the plaintiff and the defendant would not immune the latter from penalty that is ordinarily visited upon tortfeasors.
(Jones
v.
Kelly
(1929)
A cause of action for conspiracy will lie against agents and employees of insurers even though the former are not parties to the agreement of insurance when they join the insurer in a conspiracy to defraud the insured. As such, they are jointly liable with those with whom they conspire to commit the tort. The Gruenberg decision is fully consistent with our holding.
We now proceed to examine the complaint for its legal sufficiency.
As previously noted, to state a cause of action for consрiracy, the complaint among other things must allege a wrongful act or acts done pursuant to the conspiracy (see fn. 9, ante). Although the conspiracy (agreement) is ordinarily not actionable by itself, the cause of action arises out of some wrongful act committed by one or more of the conspirators, and if such a wrongful act is set forth the conspiracy averment is unnecessary to the statement of a cause of action. The plaintiff may therefore state a cause of action against several persons by simply alleging that the named defendants committed the acts. (3 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (2d ed. 1971) Pleading, § 773, p. 2389.)
*512 The essential allegations for the tort action of damages for deсeit are:
(1) Representation, (2) falsity; (3) knowledge of falsity; (4) intent to deceive; (5) reliance and resulting damage (causation).
Misrepresentation
Defendants contended that plaintiff failed to state sufficient facts to plead a “misrepresentation. ” Defendants urge that the misrepresentation alleged by plaintiff is that defendants Equifax and Black “advised plaintiff that he was to submit to a medical examination at the office of Dr. Jordan Packer,” (who is a clinical psychologist and not a medical doctor) and that this was not misrepresentation because a psychological examination is a medical examination; they also urge that such an examination is authorized by the insurance agreement. 11
Plaintiffs third cаuse of action incorporates by reference most of the allegations of the first cause of action. In substance he alleged that the defendant American Home hired and employed defendant Equifax to select and induce a local doctor to examine plaintiff and to thereafter prepare a medical report which would falsely state plaintiff’s condition; he alleged that American Home retained defendant Equifax periodically and knew that said defendant worked with a number of doctors who would participate in schemes of the nature above referred to; he alleged that each of said defendants and the defendant Black entered into an agreement with the defendant Dr. Jordan Packer, a clinical psychologist, that the latter would write a false report which would justify a denial of plaintiffs claim, and that said defendants thereafter sent plaintiff to Dr. Packer telling plaintiff he was to submit to a medical examination at the latter’s office.
Although mere nondisclosure is not ordinarily actionable unless the defendant is a fiduciary with a duty to disclose, active concealment or suppression of facts by a nonfiduciary is the equivalent of a false representation, i.e., actual fraud. (3 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (2d ed. 1971) Pleading, § 582, p. 2220.) In the case now before us, the pleadings set forth facts showing that the defendants orchestrated a scheme *513 to deprive him of his insurance benefits, and that part of this scheme was to lead him to believe that he was going to receive a physical examination while concealing from him a material fact, i.e., that by prearrangement between defendants the examination was to be dishonest and produce a false report of plaintiffs condition. Defendants’ active concealment from plaintiff of this material fact constituted a false representation.
Causation
Defendants next contend that insufficient facts were alleged to establish proximate cause. The causation aspect of actions for damage for fraud and deceit involves three distinct elements: (1) actual reliance, (2) damage resulting from such reliance, and (3) right to rely or justifiable reliance. In substance plaintiff alleged as part of the facts of the conspiracy that defendants agreed with the defendant Dr. Packer that he (Packer) would conduct a sham examination of plaintiff to be used as a basis for a false report of plaintiff’s condition; that defendant Dr. Packer misrepresented to plaintiff that he was a medical doctor who would conduct a medical examination of plaintiff for his insurance carrier in connection with plaintiff’s claim; that said examination was being requested in order to give defendant American Home sufficient medical information to objectively and fairly consider plaintiff’s claim; that in reliance on those representations plaintiff did submit to such examination; and that a false report based on such alleged examination was performed.
The plaintiff must plead that he believed the representations to be true (or that he was ignorant of their falsity which amounts to the same thing), and that in reliance thereon (or induced thereby) he entered into the transaction. (3 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (2d ed. 1971) Pleadings, § 590, pp. 2228-2229.) In the instant case, when defendants represented to plaintiff that he was to be examined
12
by the defendant Dr. Packer (reputedly a medical doctor), said representation carried with it an implied representation that the examination would be fairly conducted and that an honest rеport was to be prepared therefrom, not that it would be a bogus examination to be used as a basis for a false report to defeat plaintiff’s claim. Notwithstanding that there is no
direct
averment in the complaint that the fraudulent representation induced
*514
plaintiff to submit to the examination it appears from the complaint by a fair inference that plaintiff intended to allege, and did allege though defectively, that he relied upon the misrepresentation made by the defendants as aforestated, and that they were the inducements for him to submit to the bogus, examination. In the case of
Pembrook
v.
Houston
(1919)
Defendants’ argument that no sufficient facts were alleged to show that either the examination report, or defendants’ conduct, was a proximate cause of the denial of plaintiff’s claim is without merit. 13
A demurrer admits all material and issuable facts properly pleaded. However, it does not admit contentions, deductions or conclusions of, fact or law alleged therein.
(Daar
v.
Yellow Cab Co.
(1967)
*515 IV
Fourth Count (“Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress.”)
The elements of the prima facie case of tort for emotional distress are: (1) Outrageous conduct by the defendant; (2) the defendants’ intention of causing or reckless disregard of the probability of causing emotional distress; (3) the plaintiffs suffering severe or extreme emotional distress; and (4) actual and proximate causation of the emotional distress by the defendants’ outrageous conduct.
(Little
v.
Stuyvesant Life Co.
(1977)
Defendants contend that, nо cause of action for intentional inflection of emotional distress has been stated. In this regard defendants contend that no causal connection is shown; that defendants’ conduct was not outrageous and that it was privileged.
In
Little, supra,
the plaintiff brought action against a group disability insurer for compensatory and punitive damages for intentional infliction of emotional distress, arising out of the insurer’s termination of plaintiffs total disability payments. The termination was based on examinations by physicians selected by the defendant who concluded defendant was not totally disabled, but the physicians had not been supplied with all of plaintiffs medical records or reports from his treating physicians. Plaintiff testified to the emotional distress, including anger and depression caused by the termination of payments. The court at page 462 in discussing what constituted “Outrageous Conduct,” stated among other things: “. ..reasonable inferences may be drawn that defendant purposely ignored the great bulk of the medical information it had and withheld that information from the physicians it selected to examine plaintiff and that it sought only to justify its predetermined course of discontinuing disability benefit payments justly due plaintiff under the policy. While this conduct is less egregious than that of the defendant in
Fletcher
(
In the case at bench plaintiff, to state a cause of action, incorporates by reference allegations frоm the first count, which avers among other things, that material findings about plaintiff made by Roche Psychiatric Institute which had given plaintiff the Minnesota Multiphasic personality, were intentionally omitted by the defendant Dr. Packer pursuant to *516 his agreement with the other defendants to write a false report to be used in justifying a denial of plaintiffs claim for disability benefits. It cannot be said that where the complaint alleges facts which show that noninsurer defendants worked with an insurer defendant to deliberately falsify medical records so as to provide a basis upon which to deny an insured’s claim, such conduct does not amount to outrageous conduct; nor can it be claimed that such conduct is privileged.
In
Bowden
v.
Spiegel, Inc.
(1950)
Defendants’ contentions relative to causation appear to address the question of proof, rather than the sufficiency of the pleadings. We have carefully reviewed count four, including the portions thereof inсorporated from count one by reference and conclude that plaintiff has alleged sufficient facts to show that defendants’ conduct proximately caused his emotional distress. Plaintiff’s use of the word “outrageous” in describing defendants’ alleged conduct neither adds nor detracts anything from the sufficiency of the pleadings. As we previously stated, for the purpose of ruling on the sufficiency of the pleadings we need not be concerned with plaintiff’s possible inability or difficulty in proving the allegations of the complaint.
Fifth and Sixth Counts (“Actual and Constructive Fraud.”)
We have heretofore discussed fraud in connection with count three. For the reasons stated therein we hold that defendants contention that plaintiff’s complaint fails to state a cause of action for actual fraud is incorrect.
Constructive Fraud
Unlike
actual fraud,
constructive fraud depends on the existence of a fiduciary relationship of some kind,
14
and this must be
*517
alleged. (Feeny v.
Howard
(1889)
As previously stated in our discussion of conspiracy to commit fraud, active concealment or suppression of facts by a nonfiduciary is the equivalent of a false representation, i.е., actual fraud; however, the elements of a representation and falsity, are absent from constructive fraud. The fraud consists of the breach of the fiduciary duty of disclosure of relevant matters arising from the relationship. There being no fiduciary relationship alleged between plaintiff and anyone other than defendant Home Assurance and there being no facts alleged sufficient to show that a confidential relationship 15 existed between plaintiff and the defendants Equifax and Black, the demurrer to the cause of action for constructive fraud was properly sustained by the court. Plaintiff’s allegation that a “confidential relationship” existed, is nothing more than a conclusion of law and was properly disregarded by the court.
The order is reversed as to all counts except count six—constructive fraud. Each party is to bear his own costs on appeal.
Lillie, Acting P. J., and Hanson (Thaxton), J., concurred.
A petition for a rehearing was denied November 28, 1980, and respondents’ petition for a hearing by the Supreme Court was denied December 24, 1980.
Notes
Assigned by the Chairperson of the Judicial Council.
American Home Assurance Company, and Dr. Jordan Packer are defendants but arc not respondents herein. Equifax Inc. and William A. Black are each defendants and respondents herein.
All defendants are named in the third and fourth causes of action, however; only the respondents (Equifax and Black) are named as defendants in the fifth and sixth causes of action.
The contract provides that ‘“The Company at its own expense shall have the right and opportunity to еxamine the person of any individual whose injury is the basis of a claim when and as often as it may reasonably require during the pendency of a claim hereunder.’ Also, the trial court took judicial notice of Appellant’s verified interrogatory answer that: ‘... plaintiff does not contend the insurance agreement precluded the use of a psychologist.’” (Original italics.)
Although plaintiff alleged in paragraph 19 of his first cause of action (bad faith) against American Home: “Shortly after receipt of said false report American Home denied plaintiff's claim for disability benefits...,” he did not allege same in his third cause of action (conspiracy to defraud) against Equifax and Black.
Our use, of the expression “action for conspiracy” must be understood to include the other necessary elements thereof, namely, wrongful acts done pursuant to the conspiracy and damages resulting therefrom.
The defendant Dr. Jordan Packer, the psychologist alleged by plaintiff to be a co-conspirator in count three (conspiracy to defraud), did not demur thereto and remains as a defendant in said count along with American Home.
The Supreme Court (in Gruenberg) reversed the judgment of the trial court as to the defendant insurance companies and remanded the cause with directions to overrule the demurrer as to them. The court held that “.. .while the complaint is far from a model pleading, it does allege in substance a breach on the part of defendant insurance companies of their duty of good faith and fair dealing....” (italics added), which is implied in every insurance contract. (P. 575.)
Both the case at bench and Gruenberg allege a similar motive for the alleged conspiracy, i.e., to create a false but plausible sounding excuse to deny valid insurance claims; in the case before us, plaintiff alleges that the conspirators include among others, the insurer defendant (American Home), defendant Equifax, handling claims and claims investigations and defendant Black, its employee handling claims investigations; similarly in Gruenberg the alleged conspirators were the various insurer defendants, a claims adjusting and investigating company, an employee of the latter, an outside law firm and one of its attorney-employee; and in both cases the plaintiffs claim that pursuant to thе conspiracy their insurance claims were denied thereby depriving them of benefits/or monies provided for by their insurance; which is a part of the alleged damage.
To state a cause of action for conspiracy, the complaint must allege (1) the formation and operation of the conspiracy, (2) the wrongful act or acts done pursuant thereto, and (3) the damage resulting from such act or acts. (Mox,
Inc.
v.
Woods, supra,
In the case at bench the tortious conduct alleged to have been done pursuant to the conspiracy was not based on a claim of bad faith, nor was it dependent on the noninsurer defendants being parties to the agreement of insurance.
Based on the totality of the facts alleged by plaintiff, we do not find it necessary to this case to determine whether a psychological examination is a medical examination; we do not consider this material to the issues presented.
As pointed out by defendants pursuant to the terms of the insurance contract, plaintiff was required to attend the examination.
The demurrer of defendant Dr. Packer as to this third cause of action was overruled by the court.
The elements of the cause of action for constructive fraud are: (1) fiduciary relationship; (2) nondisclosure (breach of fiduciary duty); (3) intent to deceive, and (4) reliance and resulting injury (causation).
A confidential relationship exists when one party gains the confidence of the other and purports to act or advise with the other’s interest in mind.
(Kudokas
v.
Balkus
(1972)