OPINION
Aрpellant James Kevin Yost was convicted of the murder of his twelve-year-old stepdaughter. On appeal, he contends that the jury improperly considered the testimony of his common-law wife, Bridget Farmer, who pleaded guilty to the offense of injury to a child. Appellant argues that his wife is an accomplice, that her testimony is uncorroborated, and that the evidence would have been legally insufficient to support his conviction if his wife’s testimony had been properly excluded under the accomplice-witness rule. In two additional issues, he challenges the factual sufficiency of the evidence and the lack of jury unanimity on his state of mind.
We conclude appellant’s wife is not an accomplice as a matter of law, and her testimony was corroborated. Therefore, even if the jury determined that Bridget Farmer was appellant’s accomplice as a matter of fact, it could properly consider her testimony. We further conclude that the evidence is factually sufficient to support the conviction, and that a general verdict was appropriate. We therefore affirm.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
At about 3:00 a.m. on December 29, 2003, police and emergency medical personnel arrived at appellant’s residence in response to a 911 call for assistance with a sick child. At the home, they discovered twelve-year-old Anna Farmer’s body on the floor by her bed. Her body was cold, and rigor mortis had already begun to set in. Bridget Farmer, Anna’s mother and appellant’s common-law wife, testified to the events leading up to Anna’s death.
According to Bridget, appellant had a history of isolating and abusing Anna. He kept Anna locked in her bedroom, and she was not allowed to speak to her siblings. He even forbade Anna’s mother from speaking to her. At appellant’s orders, Anna did not attend school, but spent her days accompanying him to his work tending a booth at a flea market or copying verses from the Bible. At times appellant would not allow her to use the restroom, telling her to use her bedroom instead. According to Bridget, appellant punished Anna by forcing her to take cold showers or beating her. In one such episode, he paddled her with a board so hard that Anna’s skin split and bled. In another instance, he struck Anna’s head with such force that she had swelling and black eyes for over a week. After both of these incidents, appellant told Bridget that he had lost his temper because Anna “fought” him. Bridget further testified that appellant would not allow her to seek medical treatment for Anna after these beatings. Moreover, she stated, appellant threatened to kill Anna if Bridget left him.
Bridget also supplied all of the testimony regarding events that occurred on Decеmber 28 and the early hours of December 29, 2003. According to Bridget, Anna
Aсcording to Bridget, appellant arrived home at approximately 5:00 p.m., turned on the heater, and went into Anna’s room. Although the air conditioning and heating unit muffled the sound, Bridget heard three bumps against Anna’s wall, and heard Anna say, “Ouch.” Bridget testified that a short time later, appellant came out of Anna’s room looking scared and told Bridget that Anna was not breathing. According to Bridget, “[appellant said] it wasn’t something he just did. It must have been something he did the day before.”
Bridget said she attempted CPR, but was unsuccessful. She further testified that appellant asked her to help him dispose of Anna’s body, but she refused. According to Bridget, she told appellant she wanted to call 911, but appellant did not allow her to do so, and told her that if she did call, they would both go to prison. Bridget testified that appellant then gathered some of his belongings, the title to his truck, the telephones, the fax receiver, and the keys to both vehicles. He instructed Bridget to wait until the next day before calling 911 to give him a “head start,” and left at around 9:00 p.m. Several hours later, Bridget found an old phone, called her aunt, and left a message for her mother. After her mother returned her call, Bridget finally called 911. It was then approximately 8:00 a.m. on December 29, 2003. According to Bridget’s testimony, Anna had been dead approximately eight hours by the time police and other emergency personnel arrived.
At appellant’s trial, Texas Ranger Richard Shing testified that appellant was apprehended at a Dallas motel on January 1, 2004. Evidence collected from the motel showed that appellant had registered using a false name and address on December 30, 2003. Shing testified that there was a “for sale” sign on appellant’s truck in the motel parking lot.
Appellant was returned to Brazoria County and charged with murder; 1 Bridget was charged with two counts of injury to a child by failing to provide Anna with proper nourishment and medical care. As part of a plea agreement, Bridget pleaded guilty to both counts, received ten years of probation for each count, and agreed tо relinquish her parental rights to her three remaining children. She also agreed to testify against appellant.
Like Bridget, Anna’s younger half-sister P.W. testified that appellant routinely isolated Anna from the rest of the family. According to P.W., appellant kept Anna locked in her bedroom while Bridget, P.W., and appellant’s two small children slept in the living room of the trailer. While the rest of the family ate together, appellant
Medical examiner Stephen Pustilnik testified that, at the time of her death, Anna was underweight, extremеly malnourished, and chronically dehydrated. He also testified at length regarding Anna’s many internal and external injuries, bruises, and scars, and pointed out the symptoms and effects of Anna’s prolonged starvation. He opined that chronic child abuse was a contributing cause of her death. Dr. Pus-tilnik identified large scars on Anna’s buttocks as the result of repeated abusive paddling, and explained that head injuries Anna received more than forty-eight hours before her death had made her scalp soft and spongy from the accumulation of blood in the tissue. He further testified that Anna had blood in her vaginal vault and in the surrounding tissue, including hemorrhaging to her rectal vaginal septum. According to Dr. Pustilnik, these injuries were caused by a blunt object penetrating Anna’s vagina or rectum with such force that tissues in these areas and in the area around Anna’s bladder hemorrhaged. Dr. Pustilnik thought it likely that these injuries occurred less than an hour before Anna’s death, but they could have occurred as long as forty-eight hours before her death.
Finally, Dr. Pustilnik testified that Anna’s death was caused by multiple blunt force trauma to her abdominal area. More specifically, he testified that separate blows to her upper abdomen, delivered during the same beating, lacerated her liver and ruptured her duodenum. Although each of these injuries was independently capable of causing death, neither causеd death immediately. According to Dr. Pustilnik, Anna did not die from either of these injuries for several hours, and possibly as many as forty-eight hours. During this time, a large amount of blood and fluid accumulated in the soft tissues and cavity of Anna’s abdomen. These injuries and their effects could in turn produce stomach pain, nausea, and vomiting, and eventually produced the shock, hypo-tension, and/or sepsis that was the mechanism by which death occurred. 2 According to Dr. Pustilnik, there was a chance that Anna might have survived if she had received immediate medical attention.
Aside from Bridget’s testimony indicating that Anna died shortly after 5:00 p.m. on December 28, 2003, the evidence does not pinpoint the exact time of Anna’s death. Anna’s death certificate does not even list the date of her death; rather, it reports that her body was “found” at 3:00 a.m. on December 29, 2003.
3
The evidence
After hearing the evidence, a jury found appellant guilty of murder and sentenced him to life in prison. This appeal timely followed.
II. ISSUES PRESENTED
Appellant presents three issues for review. In his first issue, he contends that Bridget presented uncorroborated accomplice-witness testimony, and that after excluding this testimony, the remaining evidence is legally insufficient to support his conviction. In his second issue, appellant asserts that the evidence is factually insufficient to support his conviction. Appellant contends in his third issue that the trial court erred in submitting a jury charge which did not require unanimity regarding whether he (a) intentionally and knowingly caused Anna’s death or (b) intended to cause Anna serious bodily injury and caused her death by committing an act clearly dangerous to human life.
III. ANALYSIS
A. The Accomplice-Witness Rule
Becausе appellant’s first two issues rely on the application of the accomplice-witness rule, we begin by reviewing the governing law regarding accomplice testimony-
An accomplice is an individual who participates with a defendant before, during, or after the crime and acts with the requisite culpable mental state.
Cocke v. State,
The determination that a witness is an accomplice has important implications. Under the accomplice-witness rule, a defendant cannot be convicted based on the testimony of an accomplice unless the testimony is corroborated by other evidence tending to connect the defendant with the offense committеd. TexCode CRiM. Proc. Ann. art. 38.14 (Vernon 2006). Although appellant casts his challenges to the evidence under general legal and factual sufficiency standards, a challenge of insufficient corroboration is not the same as a challenge of insufficient evidence to support the verdict, but is instead governed by a different test.
Cathey v. State,
992
To determine whether sufficient corroboration exists, we first eliminate the accomplice witness’s testimony from consideration and then determine whether any of the remaining evidence tends to connect the accused with the commission of the crime.
Longoria v. State,
In analyzing a challenge to the sufficiency of corroborative evidence, courts view the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict and determine whether a reasonable jury could conclude that the non-accomplice evidence, taken as a whole, tends to connect the appellant to the offense.
Gill v. State,
Appellant relies on this test to argue that he should be acquitted because Bridget is an accomplice and there is insufficient corroborating evidence to support her testimony. However, before we may apply this test, we must first determine whether Bridget is an accomplice.
B. Complicity as a Matter of Law
In arguing that Bridget is an accomplice, appellant relies solely on the undisputed fact that she pleaded guilty tо the offense of injury to a child. Citing this court’s decision in Paz v. State, 4 appellant contends that injury to a child is a lesser-included offense to the crime of murder. Thus, he asserts that Bridget is an accomplice as a matter of law.
But appellant’s reliance on
Paz
is misplaced. In
Paz,
we addressed the question of whether a defendant charged with capital murder for intentionally or knowingly causing the death of child under the age of six should have received a jury instruction on the lesser-included offense of injury to a child. Injury to a child can be a lesser-included offense of capital murder when certain other conditions are met; this occurs, as in
Paz,
when the victim is under the age of six.
Compare
Tex. Penal
C. Complicity as a Matter of Fact
Appellant also suggests that, in addition to being an accomplice as a matter of law because she pleaded guilty to the offense of injury to a child, Bridget is also an accomplice as a matter of fact. This issue was submitted to the jury by the fоllowing instructions:
Upon the law of accomplice witness testimony, you ai’e instructed that a person, who has participated with someone else before, during or after the commission of a crime, is an accomplice witness. In such a case, there must be some evidence of an affirmative act on the witness’s part, to assist in commission of the offense. If the witness cannot be prosecuted for the offense with which the accused is charged, then the witness is not an accomplice as a matter of law. A witness is not an accomplice witness merely because he or she knew of the offense and did not disclose it, or even concealed it. Thе witness’s presence at the scene of the crime does not render that witness an accomplice witness.
Now, if you find from the evidence that Bridget Farmer was an accomplice, then you are further instructed that you cannot convict the defendant upon Bridget Farmer’s testimony, unless you first believe her testimony is true and shows the guilt of the defendant as charged in the indictment, and then you cannot convict the defendant unless Bridget Farmer’s testimony is corroborated by other evidence tending to connect the defendant with the offense charged. The corroboration is not sufficient if it merely shows the commission of an offense, but it must tend to connect the defendant with its commission, and then from all the evidence, you must believe beyond a reasonable doubt with [sic] the defendant is guilty of the offense charged against him, or if you have reasonable doubt thereof, you will acquit the defendant.
Therefore, the jury could have arrived at its guilty verdict by finding that (1) Bridget was not an accomplice as a matter of fact, and the evidence, including her testimony, established appellant’s guilt; (2) Bridget was an accomplice and her testimony was both true and corroborated by other evidence tending to connect appellant to the offense; or (3) Bridget was an accomplice, and although her testimony was not both true and corroborated, the remaining evidence established appellant’s guilt.
From this record, we cannot say what path led the jury to convict appellant, but we will not reverse the judgment if any one of these paths is supported by the record. We note first that, despite his insistence that Bridget is an accomplice as a matter of law, appellant does not contend that the trial court erred in charging the jury to determine whether Bridget was an accomplice as a matter of fact. Moreover, we cannot agree with appellant’s implication that it would have been error for the jury to determine that Bridget was not an accomplice.
See Blake,
Even if one assumes that the jury found Bridget to be an accomplice, her testimony is amply corroborated. P.W. testified that appellant threatened to kill Anna weekly or even daily. This evidence supports an inference that appellant intended to kill Anna.
See Ross v. State,
The evidence also placed appellant at the scene at or near the time Anna was fatally injured. For example, appellant’s witnesses agreed that Anna had been dead for some time before emergency personnel arrived at appellant’s residence at approximately 3:30 a.m. on December 29, 2003. By this time, her body was cold, blood had begun pooling on the side of her body closest to the ground, and rigor mortis had set in. Based on this evidence, a reason
The evidence also shows that the day after Anna’s death was reported, appellant checked into a motel hundreds of miles away using a false name and address. Evidence of flight and using a false identity to rent a motel room each reflect an appellant’s consciousness of guilt for the charged offense.
See Bigby v. State,
Viewing all of the foregoing evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, we conclude that a reasonable jury, if required to do so, could find that the cumulative effect of the non-accomplice evidence tends to connect appellant to Anna’s murder. We therefore overrule appellant’s first issue.
D. Factual Sufficiency
In his second issue, appellant challenges the factual sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction. When reviewing the factual sufficiency of the evidence, we view all the evidence in a neutral light and set aside the verdict “only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust.”
Cain v. State,
Appellant primarily argues that the evidence is factually insufficient if Bridget Farmer’s testimony is excluded; however, for the reasons discussed above, the jury was entitled to consider her testimony. He next contends that the jurors’ deliberations were so clouded with emotion that they failed to consider all the evidence, but cites no evidence that the jury neglected to consider.
Appellant also refers to P.W.’s testimony that Bridget “smacked” Anna “kind of not hard, but kind of hard” as evidence contrary to the verdict. This testimony is taken out of context, and is not inconsistent with the verdict. In fact, P.W. testified that Bridget “only smacked Anna a couple of times” but “[appellant] would say she wouldn’t do it hard enough.” Similarly, appellant refers to evidence that Bridget delayed calling 911 and initially lied to first responders regarding the time she discovered Anna’s death, but ignores Bridget’s testimony that she did so at appellant’s request to give him a “head start” in avoiding arrest.
Appellant next contends that the testimony of his former brother-in-law, William Cowley, is contrary to the verdict. Cowley testified that in August 2002, he observed Bridget, Anna, and P.W. at a family barbeque. According to Cowley, he asked the two girls if they wanted more food, and when they said they did, Bridget “slapped both of them upside the head at the same time and told them, no, they didn’t need anything more to eat.” At most, this testimony demonstrates that, when not acting under appellant’s direction, Bridget treated both daughters equally, if badly; in contrast, the cumulative and uncontrovert-ed evidence presented at trial by Bridget, P.W., and the medical examiner establishes that Anna was subsequently singled out for horrific abuse. Although Cowley’s observation may support an inference that Bridget was a poor parent, this fact is not in dispute: Bridget admitted as much by pleading guilty to two counts of injury to a child. Moreover, Cowley’s testimony is not inconsistent with a jury finding that, seventeen months after this incident, Bridget’s husband murdered Anna.
Having reviewed the record in a neutral light, we conclude the evidence is factually sufficient to support the verdict. P.W.’s testimony places appellant and Anna at the location where her body was found, at or near the time that Anna’s fatal wounds were inflicted. P.W.’s additional testimony thаt appellant frequently threatened to kill Anna is evidence of his intent to murder her. Additionally, appellant wrote the trial court a letter in which he described Anna’s death as “an accident,” thereby implying that he had knowledge of the events surrounding Anna’s death. 6 This evidence is consistent with even stronger evidence found in Bridget’s testimony. According to Bridget, appellant told her immediately after Anna’s death that “[i]t must have been something he did the day before.” Finally, the jury’s verdict is further supported by Bridget’s testimony and corroborative testimony, both of which we have already described in some detail.
Although proof of motive or of a request for forgiveness is not required, these are also significаnt circumstances indicating guilt.
See Guevara v. State,
“The devil just deceived us little [by] little until now Anna is gone.... [God] wаnts to heal your heart and help you deal with the pain & sorrow. But you must forgive first.... I always thought that if something ever happened I could count on my wife to search her heart and tell truthfully how things where [sic]. That’s why I always wanted you as a witness. Now your [sic] trying to cover this up and make me out to be a monster-We were not bad parents. Just frustrated, confused, and deceived by Satan.... Please (Perdo’ name) (Forgive me) Judy, Mammaw, Kari, 7 and Anna. I am sorry for everything [.] Please forgive me[.]”
Viewing the evidence in a neutral light, we conclude that the jury’s verdict is not contrary to the great weight of the evidence, and we overrule appellant’s second issue.
E. Jury Unanimity
In his third issue, appellant contends the trial court erroneously failed to require jury unanimity. In his written objection to the charge, appellant requested an instruction requiring jury unanimity as to whether he committed murder by (a) intentionally or knowingly causing Anna’s death, or (b) intending to cause serious bodily injury and committing an act clearly dangerous to human life that caused Anna’s death. Compare Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.02(b)(1) (defining murder as intentionally or knowingly causing death) with id. § 19.02(b)(2) (defining murder as causing death by committing an act clearly dangerous to human life with the intent to cause serious bodily injury).
We begin review of a jury unanimity challenge by examining the language of the statute to determine the elements of the crime and whether the legislature has created a single offense with multiple or alternate methods of commission.
Jefferson v. State,
Here, the statute under which appellant was convicted does not describe different offenses, but merely sets forth different methods of committing the same offense.
See Aguirre v. State,
IV. CONCLUSION
Having overruled each of appellant’s issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Notes
. Specifically, appellant was charged with Anna’s murder by striking her with an unknown object, and either intentionally or knowingly causing her death, or intentionally or knowingly committing an act clearly dangerous to human life with the intent to cause serious bodily injury. As part of the same criminal episode, appellant was also indicted for injury to a child and aggravated sexual assault; however, the State elected to prosecute the murder charge separately.
. Dr. Pustilnik explained that, due to postmortem chemical changes, the exact mechanism of Anna’s death could not be determined.
. Incongruously, the certificate lists the time of Anna's death as 6:07 a.m., but does not list the date of death. Moreover, this time is three hours after the time when her body was reportedly found. Inasmuch as the certificate
.
. Appellant asked the trial court to charge the jury regarding the law of criminal responsibility under Texas Penal Code sections 7.02(a)(2) (making one a party if the person, "acting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense, he solicits, encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid the other person to commit the offense”) and (a)(3) (making one with a duty to prevent the offense a party if that person, “acting with intent to promote or assist its commission, ... fails to make a reasonable effort to prevent commission of the offense”) (Vernon 2006). The trial court instеad charged the jury that "[a] person is criminally responsible if the result would not have occurred but for his conduct, operating either alone or concurrently with another cause, unless the concurrent cause was clearly sufficient to produce the result and the conduct of the actor was clearly insufficient.” See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 6.04(a) (Vernon 2003) (defining the level of causation required for criminal responsibility). Appellant does not argue that the trial court erred in submitting this definition of criminal responsibility or in failing to submit his proposed instruction.
. Although the letter implies that appellant did not act with a culpable mental state, appellant was not required to present such evidence at trial and did not do so.
. Judy is Bridget’s mother. The identities of "Mammaw” and Kari are not indicated in the record.