Chow petitions for review of a decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals finding her to be deportable as a non-preference immigrant who failed to obtain a labor certification from the Secretary of Labor, as required by § 212(a)(14) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(14). We remand for further findings.
Chow, a native and citizen of Hong Kong, entered the United States in 1975 on the basis of her representation that she was married to Tony Ying, a lawful permanent resident alien. The spouse of a permanent resident alien is entitled to a second preference visa classification under § 203(a)(2) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1153(a)(2). As Chow later conceded and does not dispute here, her marriage to Ying was a sham entered into for the sole purpose of gaining admission to the United States. She subsequently divorced Ying and married her present husband, Samson Chow, also a native of Hong Kong and present in the United States on a student visa. She apparently came to this country with the intent of marrying Samson Chow, or at least to join him.
The U. S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (“the Service”) issued an Order to Show Cause on March 3, 1978, charging Chow with deportability as an alien who had entered the United States on the basis of a visa procured by fraud, and therefore excludable at time of entry under § 212(a) or the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(19). At *1386 Chow’s deportation hearing on June 2,1978, she conceded deportability on the basis of fraud, but raised as a defense the imminent birth of her child, an event which would qualify her as the parent of a United States citizen, a complete defense under § 241(f) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1251(f), to a charge of entry in violation of § 212(a)(19) for an alien who is “otherwise admissible.” At the hearing, the service lodged an additional charge of deportability under § 241(a)(1) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(1), as an alien excludable at time of entry for failure to obtain a labor certification under § 212(a)(14), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(14).
The Service introduced various exhibits at the hearing. The evidence tended to establish a number of facts. Chow admittedly entered into the marriage with Ying for the sole purpose of gaining admission to the United States. At the time she entered, Chow had approximately $708 deposited in an account in a Vancouver, B.C. bank. While she did go first to Ying’s residence after arriving in the United States, Chow spent little time there and almost immediately moved into Samson Chow’s residence. Sometime in February, 1976, approximately eight months after entering the United States, Chow took employment as a waitress. Chow elected to remain silent at the hearing. After the birth of her child, her attorney offered the child’s birth certificate and moved to reopen the proceedings for the purpose of establishing a § 241(f) defense.
The administrative law judge found Chow to be deportable under § 212(a)(14) because of her failure to obtain a labor certification. The judge found that Chow was not exempt from the labor certification requirement, and further ruled that § 241(f) relief is not available to forgive deportability on a charge arising under § 212(a)(14).
The Board of Immigration Appeals affirmed. The basis of the Board’s decision is unclear. While the Board held that deport-ability had been established because of Chow’s failure to obtain labor certification, it further held that because she was excludable under § 212(a)(14), she was not “otherwise admissible” within the meaning of § 241(f) and, therefore, was ineligible for relief under that section. Whether her ineligibility for relief under § 241(f) served to revive the fraudulent visa procurement charge under § 212(a)(19) as an additional ground of deportability independent of the labor certification charge was not made explicit by the Board’s opinion.
In petitioning this court for review of the Board’s order, Chow argues that the Service did not carry its burden of proving deportability by clear, convincing, and unequivocal evidence, and that the Board improperly treated her as a non-preference immigrant. She also attempts to persuade us to overrule our holding in
Cacho v. Immigration and Naturalization Service,
The Service argues that it carried its burden of proving Chow’s deportability by clear and convincing evidence, and urges us to follow our ruling in Cacho. At oral argument, the Service raised the issue whether Chow had carried her burden of proving that she was “otherwise admissible” under § 241(f).
We concur with the Service’s assessment that the outcome of this appeal will turn largely upon the question of whether Chow was “otherwise admissible,” though we would have appreciated the benefit of the Service’s thinking on the subtle complexities of the phrase, had such thinking been offered. We begin our analysis, as we must, with the wording of the statute:
“The provisions of [Section 241] relating to the deportation of aliens within the United States on the ground that they were excludable at the time of entry as aliens who have sought to procure, or have procured visas or other documentation, or entry into the United States by fraud or misrepresentation shall not apply to an alien otherwise admissible at *1387 time of entry who is the spouse, parent, or a child of a United States citizen or of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence.”
Section 241(f), Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1251(f).
Section 241 generally prescribes the conditions under which an alien may be deported. Under § 241(a)(1), an alien is depbrtable if at the time of entry he or she was within one of the classes of aliens excludable under the Act. Section 212 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1182, lists 31 classes of aliens excludable at entry. § 212(a)(19), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(aX19), renders excludable any alien “who seeks to procure, or has sought to procure, or has procured a visa or other documentation, or seeks to enter the United States, by fraud, or by willfully misrepresenting a material fact; ...” § 212(a)(14), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(14), the labor certification requirement, makes excludable:
“Aliens seeking to enter the United States, for the purpose of performing skilled or unskilled labor, unless the Secretary of Labor has determined and certified to the Secretary of State and to the Attorney General that (A) there are not sufficient workers in the United States who are able, willing, qualified, and available at the time of application for a visa and admission to the United States and at the place to which the alien is destined to perform such skilled or unskilled labor, and (B) the employment of such aliens will not adversely affect the wages and working conditions of the workers in the United States similarly employed. . . . ”
The Supreme Court, relying in the main upon the language of the Act, has held that the § 241(f) “forgiveness” provision excuses only fraud committed under § 212(a)(19).
Reid v. Immigration and Naturalization Service,
On this appeal, the Service appears to argue not only that Chow is ineligible for § 241(f) relief as against the § 212(a)(14) labor certification charge, but also that she is ineligible to assert the defense under § 212(a)(19) on the ground that she was not “otherwise admissible” at time of entry because she had not complied with the labor certification requirement. The difference is significant. If the Service is required to prove Chow’s failure to comply with § 212(a)(14) as a separate charge of deport-ability, then it must carry its burden of proof under the “clear, convincing, and unequivocal” standard established by
Woodby v. Immigration and Naturalization Service,
The pivotal issue on this appeal thus boils down to one question: does a failure to comply with § 212(a)(14) remove an alien from the “otherwise admissible” category under § 241(f)? Our focus, under the terms of the statute, is on the alien’s status “at the time of entry.” We note initially that Chow’s admitted fraud in procuring her visa demonstrates that she was ineligible for second preference immigrant status at time of entry. Had she truthfully reported her status, Chow would have been classified as a non-preference immigrant under § 203(a)(8), 8 U.S.C. § 1153(a)(8), a classification to which § 212(a)(14) applies by its express terms. At least for the purposes of determining eligibility for § 241(f) relief, we reject Chow’s suggestion that it is improper to view her as a non-preference immigrant. The language of the Act compels us to analyze her status as of “time of entry.”
The seminal decision on construction of the term “otherwise admissible” is
Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Errico,
“The construction of the statute that we adopt in these cases is further reinforced when the section is regarded in the context of the 1957 Act. The fundamental purpose of this legislation was to unite families. Refugees from Communist lands were also benefited, but the Act principally granted relief to persons who would be temporarily or permanently separated from their nearest relatives if the strict requirements of the Immigration and Nationality Act, including the national quotas, were not relaxed for them. It was wholly consistent with this purpose for Congress to provide that immigrants who gained admission by misrepresentation, perhaps many years ago, should not be deported because their countries’ quotas were oversubscribed when they entered if the effect of deportation would be to separate families composed in part of American citizens or lawful permanent residents.”
Following
Errico,
this circuit and others adopted a test for determining what cate
*1389
gories of immigration infractions would cause an alien to be found otherwise inadmissible under § 241(f) which focused upon the “qualitative” or “quantitative” nature of the violation.
See Lee Fook Chuey v. Immigration and Naturalization Service,
In
Lee Fook Chuey, supra,
we stated the essence of the qualitative/quantitative distinction thusly: “[q]uantitative restrictions in the immigration laws serve to limit the number of immigrants (e.
g.,
quota restrictions) while qualitative restrictions are intended to exclude those who are mentally, morally or physically unfit or undesirable.”
Consistent with the qualitative/quantitative distinction, certain
post-Errico
decisions found aliens who had somehow manifested an undesirable characteristic which would have been a ground for exclusion at entry under § 212 of the Act to not be “otherwise admissible” under § 241(f).
See Hames-Herrera v. Rosenberg,
Also in a manner arguably consistent with the qualitative/quantitative test, this circuit held that an alleged failure to comply with § 212(a)(14) did not render an alien otherwise inadmissible under § 241(f). Godoy v. Rosenberg, supra. If Godoy were still good law, we would have no choice but to hold for Chow here.
Reid v. Immigration and Naturalization Service, supra,
however, cast serious doubt upon the analysis employed in
Godoy.
In
Reid,
the Supreme Court not only limited the applicability of § 241(f) to charges of fraud arising under § 212(a)(19), it also called into question the utility of the qualitative/quantitative analysis of “otherwise admissible.” Noting that the lower courts were in disarray as to which grounds of deportability under § 212 were waived by § 241(f), the court cited to a line of decisions which had held that the section waived any charge to which fraud was “germane,” and then cited to cases holding that any “quantitative” ground was waived.
“It is, of course, difficult to determine which grounds for exclusion fit which characterization. Arguably, for example, the failure to obtain the required certification by the Secretary of Labor dealt with in Godoy v. Rosenberg, supra, could as easily have been characterized as ‘qualitative.’ The Ninth Circuit in Lee Fook Chuey v. INS,439 F.2d 244 , 246 (1970), found evasion of inspection a ‘quantitative’ ground while the Third Circuit in Bufalino v. INS,473 F.2d, at 731 , found it *1390 a ‘qualitative’ ground not subject to § 241(f) waiver.”
Reid
did not, by its express terms, address the problem of interpreting “otherwise admissible.” The language cited above, however, clearly disapproved of our “qualitative/quantitative” test. While
Reid
purported not to overrule
Errico,
see
The impact of
Reid
upon prior decisions in our circuit was quickly clarified. One year later, in
Cacho v. Immigration and Naturalization Service, supra,
while we concluded that
Reid
did not bar application of § 241(f) to charges arising under § 212(a)(20) in all instances, we did hold that
Reid
precluded applicability of the defense to a charge arising under § 212(a)(14). In so doing, we specifically held that
Godoy
had been overruled by
Reid.
“Cacho, ..., has been charged also with excludability under § 212(a)(14) because he entered the United States for the purpose of performing labor without a certificate, from the Secretary of Labor. The § 241(f) waiver does not reach this ground for exclusion. The basis for exclusion under § 212(a)(14) does not relate to quotas or quota preferences — a legislative ascertainment, as between acceptable aliens, as to which should be admitted— but to the state of the labor market. Entirely different considerations bear on admissibility.”
It is apparent to us that Reid, as interpreted by Cacho, overruled completely the Godoy-Chuey line of decisions. Reid demonstrated that for the purposes of § 241(f), the qualitative/quantitative distinction is unsound. Reid, however, articulated no standard to replace it. The decision could arguably be read to imply that violation of any substantive ground for exclusion under § 212 with the exception of (a)(19) is sufficient to cause an alien to run afoul of the “otherwise admissible” requirement. 2
We need not give
Reid
such an expansive reading, however. The quoted language in
Cacho
compels us to hold here that an alien who entered in violation of § 212(a)(14) is not “otherwise admissible” under § 241(f). Even though entry without a labor certification is a facially amoral violation of the Act’s admissibility requirements, § 212(a)(14) nonetheless reflects a Congressional judgment that an alien entering the United States for the purpose of performing labor without a certification is an “undesirable” alien. As has been so frequently stated by this and other courts, the purpose of § 212(a)(14) is to exclude aliens competing for jobs with American workers and to protect the American labor force from an influx of skilled and unskilled labor. See
Wang v. Immigration and Naturalization Service,
We do not believe that our holding emasculates § 241(f). While it is true that the likelihood that an alien who procures a fraudulent entry will also have a valid labor certification is practically nil, § 212(a)(14) requires that an alien have the “purpose of performing skilled or unskilled labor” before he or she must obtain a certification. Consequently, an alien who can prove to the satisfaction of the hearing officer that he or she did not enter with the “purpose” of performing skilled or unskilled labor may invoke § 241(f) if other admission requirements are met. 4
Turning to Chow’s case, we note again that the Board apparently found that she was not “otherwise admissible” because of her failure to comply with § 212(a)(14). While it thus might appear that Chow has had her “day in court,” we feel it appropriate to remand this case for a further hearing on § 241(f). Though our holding here is impliedly compelled by Cacho, it had not yet been made explicit at the time of Chow’s hearing. The Board’s evident confusion as to the precise basis of its holding indicates that a remand would be appropriate, in any event, for a clarification consistent with our opinion. Chow should be permitted to introduce evidence pertinent to her purpose in coming to the United States.
In view of our holding, we find it unnecessary to reach the other points raised by Chow in her brief. The separate § 212(a)(14) charge is now, as we noted earlier, virtually superfluous. If Chow convinces the Board that she did not enter with the purpose of performing labor, then she will also have effectively rebutted the separate charge. If she does not so convince the Board, then she will be deportable under § 212(a)(19) regardless of the applicability of § 212(a)(14).
REVERSED and REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Notes
. While Cacho did not mention Becerra-Monje v. Immigration and Naturalization Service, supra, that decision must also be regarded as having been overruled by Reid because its holding was explicitly based upon Godoy.
. The Fifth Circuit has interpreted
Reid
as dropping the “otherwise admissible” element of the test for eligibility under § 241(f), and mandating instead that the sole consideration is the charge under which the Service seeks to deport the alien.
See Castro-Guerrero v. Immigration and Naturalization Service,
. Our holding also comports with the approach suggested by the Board of Immigration Appeals in prior administrative proceedings. See Matter of Agustín, Int. Dec. No. 2714 (B.I.A. 1979); Matter of Diaz, 15 I. & N. Dec. 488 (B.I.A. 1975); Matter of Montemayor, 15 I. & N. Dec. 353, 358 (B.I.A. 1975) (Appleman, Board Member, concurring); cf. Matter of Gonzalez, 16 I. & N. Dec. 564 (B.I.A. 1978).
. Procedural questions such as the standard of proof to be applied to the alien are not before us, and we decline to comment upon them in this appeal. We are cognizant of the difficulties inherent in proving a negative, and we trust that the Board will also properly take this consideration into account in adjudicating claims to the § 241(f) defense. We also note that we have identified, in the context of an appeal from denial of adjustment of status, factors which may properly be taken into account in determining whether an alien entered with the purpose of performing labor:
“. . . (1) the extent of an [alien’s] financial resources; (2) whether the resources are sufficient for the [alien’s] reasonable needs; (3) how secure or assured the resources are; and (4) the [alien’s] employment intentions and skills.”
Wang v. Immigration and Naturalization Service, supra,