414 Pa. 272 | Pa. | 1964
Lead Opinion
Opinion by
In this action of assumpsit, plaintiff appeals from the judgment of the court below sustaining preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer and dismissing the complaint.
The facts pleaded may be summarized as follows: Plaintiff, employed as manager of a hotel, personally
The lower court determined that our recent decision in Hochgertel v. Canada Dry Corp., 409 Pa. 610, 187 A. 2d 575 (1963), controlled and dismissed the complaint. We do not think that the rigid construction we placed on a seller’s warranty in Hochgertel should be extended to a situation such as this.
The Uniform Commercial Code, §2-318, 12A P.S. §2-318 reads as follows: “A seller’s warranty whether express or implied extends to any natural person who is in the family or household of his buyer or who is a guest in his home if it is reasonable to expect that such person may use, consume or be affected by the goods and who is injured in person by breach of the warranty. A seller may not exclude or limit the operation of this section.”
Comment 3 to this section states: “Beyond this, the section is neutral and is not intended to enlarge or restrict the developing case law on whether the seller’s warranties, given to his buyer who resells, extend to other persons in the distributive chain.”
In Hochgertel we noted that an employee of the purchaser was not within the group to which the warranty of merchantability was specifically extended by §2,-318 and on this basis refused to extend to such employee the benefit of the warranty.
“Buyer” is defined in §2-103 of the Code, 12A P.S. §2-103 as “a person who buys or contracts to buy.” Plaintiff is clearly a buyer within this definition and he is therefore definitely in the distributive chain. Were he an employee who had not “contracted to buy” the product, Hochgertel would control. But since the plaintiff was cast in the important role of “buyer” and consummated the “contract to buy” for his employer, the fact that he is an employee does not exclude him from the benefits of the warranty and deprive him of a right of action.
Judgment reversed.
Dissenting Opinion
Dissenting Opinion by
In Hochgertel v. Canada Dry Corp., 409 Pa. 610, 187 A. 2d 575 (1963), we recently ruled that an implied warranty such as is asserted in this case extends to the actual purchaser of the goods involved, a member of his family or household, and a guest in his home, but to no other person. We specifically stated that it did not extend to or include an employee of the purchaser. The majority ruling is a clear departure from that decision.
When the plaintiff made the purchase of the bottles of wine involved, he was admittedly acting on behalf of his employer, the hotel, who was catering at the wedding party. While the complaint, understandably, does not show that the wine was purchased under a
Sections 1-201 (32) (33) of the Code defines a purchaser as one who takes by purchase, and then defines “purchase” as a voluntary taking that creates an interest in the property taken. The plaintiff did not become vested with any interest in the wine merely because he served in the capacity of a messenger for the purpose of picking it up at the liquor store for his employer. Title and complete interest passed to the hotel, the legal and real purchaser. Logic permits no ather conclusion.
Nor is any other conclusion justified under firmly entrenched principles of agency law. Where a person acts in a representative capacity, he is merely the alter ego of his principal. The acts of the agent are those of the principal and nothing else. The agent is not a party to any contract entered into on behalf of his principal, nor does he become vested with any interest therein. See, Penna. Co. v. Wallace, 346 Pa. 532, 31 A. 2d 71 (1943), and Geyer v. Huntingdon Co. Agr’l Ass’n, 362 Pa. 74, 66 A. 2d 249 (1949).
The effect of the majority decision is to make the defendant-manufacturer a guarantor of its product to an individual and class not provided for or intended by the Code. It should be noted also that this is not “a food case” as the majority opinion assumes. The cause is bottomed upon the alleged inadequacy of the package container.
In my opinion, the plaintiff has an adequate remedy in trespass, and with the judicious regulations as to
I dissent.