Yazoo & Mississippi Railroad v. Adams
180 U.S. 41
SCOTUS
1901
Check Treatment
Mr. Justice Bbown,

after stating the case, delivered the opinion of the court.

Mоtion was made to dismiss for the want of a Federal question. The ground of the motion is that, while the second and fourth pleas set up the exemption, contained in the charter from all municipal taxation, and the third pleаds the exemption from city taxation by the ordinance of the mayor and aldermen of the city of Jackson, and inferentially at least, that these constitute a contract under which the road was built, there is not only no аverment that this contract had been impaired by subsequent legislation, but no discussion of the case in that aspect by the Supreme Court, which held that under a proper construction of the charter the railroad cоmpany is not entitled to an exemption from municipal taxation, because the road had never been completed to the Mississippi Eiver. There was undoubtedly legislation both before and subsequent to the chartеr of this company, February IT, 1882, authorizing municipalities to impose taxes, but no allusion to them is made either in the pleadings, proofs or in the opinion of the Supreme Court.

The case then resolves itself into this: whether jurisdictiоn can be sustained when the only question involved is the construction of a charter or contract, although it appear that there were statutes subsequent thereto which might have been, but were not, relied upon as raising a Federal question Concerning the construction of the contract. .There is no doubt of the general proposition that, where a contract is alleged "to have been impaired by subsequent legislation, this cоurt will put its own construction upon the contract, though it may differ from that of the Supreme Court of the State. The authorities upon this point are very numerous, but they all belong to a class of cases in which it was averred that, рroperly construed, the contract was impaired by subsequent legislation; but, if'the sole question be whether the Supreme Court has properly interpreted the contract, and there be no question of subsequent *45legislativе impairment, there is no ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​​​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​​​‌​​​‌‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌​‌‍Federal question to be answered. Lehigh Water Co. v. Easton, 121 U. S. 388.

To.sustain our jurisdiction under the second clause of Eev. Stat. sec. 109, relied upon here, there must be drawn in question the validity of a state statute upon the ground of its bеing repugnant to the Constitution or laws of the United States; but of what state statute' is the validity attacked in this case? None is pointed out in the ■ record; none set up in the pleas; none mentioned in the opinion of the cоurt. In fact, in the fourth plea it is expressly averred that “ the exemption by said charter conferred has never been repealed by the legislature of. the State; ” and we are only asked to infer that certain statutes describing in detail methods of municipal taxation did in fact impair the obligation of the chartered contracts But are we bound to search the statutes of Mississippi to find one which can be construed as impairing the obligation of the charter ? It is true that, in the first assignment of error in this court, it is averred that the Supreme Court of the State erred in rendering its judgment, whereby t'he tax provisions of the Annotated Code of 1892, providing for the office of revenue agent, and chapter 34 of the Laws of 1894, defining the powers of that office, “ were given effect against the contract rights of the plaintiffs in error,” contrary to the contract clause of the Constitution; but no mention is made of this in the assignments of error filed in the Supreme Court of the' State, which were of the most general description, and no allusion is made to the Code of 1892 or of the act of 1894 in the opinion of the court.

There is а iaxity of pleading, in failing to set up the subsequent law impairing the obligation of the contract, which ought not be encouraged. Granting that, as the case arose under the second clause of Eev. Stat. sec. T09, the invalidity оf the statute need not be “ specially set up and claimed,” it must appear under the most liberal construction ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​​​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​​​‌​​​‌‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌​‌‍of that section that it was necessarily involved, and must indirectly, at least, have been passed upon in thе opinion of the Supreme Court; but, for aught that appears, the very statutes under, which this road was taxed were in existence before the road was chartered, although others, prescribing a different method of assеssing *46and collecting such taxes, may have been passed subsequent thereto. This subsequent legislation, however,- may have had, and apparently did have, nothing to' do with the disposition of the case.

Three recent cаses in this court are pertinent in this connection. In Central Land Co. v. Laidley, 159 U. S. 103, an action of ejectment was brought by Laidley against the land company in a court of West Virginia. The case turned upon the defectiveness of a wife’s acknowlеdgment to a deed of land. The Court of Appeals of "V irginia, prior to the organization of the State of W est Virginia, had in séveral cases held that acknowledgments in this form were sufficient; but the Court of Appeals of West Virginia in this case held it to be insufficient., and the change of the settled construction of the statute was charged as an impairment of the contract. This court held that under the contract clause of the Constitution, not only must the оbligation of the contract be impaired, but it must have been impaired by some act of thé legislative power ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​​​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​​​‌​​​‌‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌​‌‍of the State and not by decisions of the judicial department only. “ The appellate jurisdiction of this court,” said Mr. Justice Gray, “upon writ of error to a state court, on the ground that the obligation of a contract has been impaired, can be invoked only when an act of the legislature alleged to be repugnant to the Constitution of the United States has been decided by the state court to be valid, and not when an act admitted to be valid has been misconstrued by the court. The statute of West Virginia is admitted to have been valid, . . . "and it necessarily follows that the question submitted to and decided by the -state court was one of construction only, and not of validity.” It was said by Mr. Justice Miller in Knox v. Exchange Bank, 12 Wall, 379, 383: “We are not authorized by the judiciary act to review the judgments of the state courts bеcause their judgments refuse to give effect to valid contracts, or because those judgments, in their effect, impair the obligation of contracts. If we did, every case decided in a state court could be brought here, where the party setting up a contract alleged that the court had taken a different view of its obligation to that which he. held.”

So also in Turner v. Wilkes County Commissioners, 173 U. S. *47461, it was said that “ this being a writ of error to a state court, we cannot take jurisdiction under the allegation that a contract has been impaired by a decision of that court, when it appears that the s.tate court has done nothing more than construe its own constitution and statutes existing at the time when the bonds were issued, there being no subsequent legislation touching the subject.” In this case, too, the plaintiff in error sought to take advantage of a change of judicial construction by the Supreme Court of the State, which had held thаt the bonds' were void, because the acts under which they were issued were nbt valid laws, not having been passed in the manner directed by the constitution.

The casé of the Yazoo & Mississippi Valley Railroad Co. v. Thomas, 132 U. S. 174, is much relied upon by the plaintiff in error, and is claimed to be full authority for the mаintenance of the writ in this case. This was a bill by the plaintiff in error in the ca.se under consideration to enjoin a collection of taxes upon its property. “The .illegality complained of was that the tax.was in violation of ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​​​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​​​‌​​​‌‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌​‌‍the company’s charter, by which it was insisted the property of the company incident to its railroad operations was exempted from taxation; and it was averred that the charter, as respects thе exemption claimed, was a contract irrevocable, and protected by the contract clause of the Constitution of the United States; that the unwarranted application of the general lanes subsequently passed, as well as the application of the general laws in force at the time, is equivalent to a direct repeal of the charter exemptionthat it is an effectual abrogation of its privilegе of exemption jby means of authority exercised under the State.” Not only does it appear from the opinion that the taxes in question were assessed under an act passed in 1888, subsequent to the charter, but on refеrence to the original bill, which we have consulted for that purpose, we find that this act of April 3,1888, was specially set up and pleaded in the bill, and was charged to be a violation of the charter contract, whiсh exempted the orator’s road from taxation, and that such application of said act was the same as a repeal or revocation of the granted exemption, and therefore in violation оf the Constitution of the United States *48forbidding such violation. In other words, the bill in that case not only pointed out the exemptions contained in the plaintiff’s charter, but also set up the subsequent statute, which it was-contended impaired the obligation of that contract. ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​​​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​​​‌​​​‌‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌​‌‍The bill thus contained the allegation which is wanting in this case, and put it in the power of this court to say whether the contract set up in the bill had been properly construed by the state court. This was also' the case in Columbia Water Power Co. v. Columbia Electric Street Railway Co., 172 U. S. 475, and McCulloch v. Virginia, 172 U. S. 102.

If jurisdiction in this case be sustained, it results that whenever a state court gives a certain construction to a contract, it is our duty to search the subsequent statutes and to find out whether there be one which, under a different construction of ' the contract, may be held to impair it. We must decline the obligation. As was said by the Chief Justice in Powell v. Brunswick County, 150 U. S. 433, 440: “ If it appear from the record by clear and necessary intendment that the Fedеral question must have been directly involved, so that the state court could not have given judgment without deciding-it, that will be sufficient; but resort cannot be had to the expedient of importing into the record the legislation of the State'as judicially known to its courts, and holding the validity of such legislation to have been drawn in question, and a decision necessarily rendered thereon in arriving at conclusions upon the matters actually presented and сonsidered.” See also Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Louisville, 166 U. S. 709, 715.

It is true that the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court certifies that upon the argument of this case the validity of legislation of the State of Mississippi subsequent to the statute of February 17, 1882, was drawn in question by the company upon the ground of its repugnacy to the Constitution of the United States; but we have repeatedly held that such certificate is insufficient to give us jurisdiction where it does not appear in the record, and that its оffice is to make more certain and specific what is too general and indefinite in the record. Lawler v. Walker, 14 How. 149; Gross v. United States Mortgage Co., 108 U. S. 477. It is said in Lawler's case that “ the *49statutes complained of 'in this case should have been stated. Without that the court cannot apply them to the subject-matter of litigation to determine whether or not they have violated the Constitution or laws of the United States.” See also Railroad Co. v. Rock, 4 Wall. 177; Parmelee v. Lawrence, 11 Wall. 36; Powell v. Brunswick County, 150 U. S. 433, and cases cited.

The writ of error is therefore

Dismissed.