Yahia Ahmad Joudeh, d/b/a Lincoln Cut Rate Market (hereinafter referred to as Joudeh) appeals from the district court’s judgment, following a de novo trial to the court pursuant to 7 U.S.C. § 2023, upholding the administrative decision of the Secretary, Department of Agriculture, disqualifying Joudeh’s retail grocery store from participating in the Food Stamp Program for a period of three years.
Facts
The facts hereinafter recited are taken from the de novo trial record. Joudeh owned the Lincoln Cut Rate Market retail grocery store in Denver from 1979 until December, 1983. Some time prior to 1979, the store was licensed to participate in the Food Stamp Program. Joudeh acknowledged that he was an “absentee owner” of the store because he was working almost exclusively at the Golden Gate Market store as its manager. R., Vol. II, pp. 5, 6. Joudeh’s brother, Omar, was the manager of the Lincoln Cut Rate Market store and his other brother, Mohammad, helped manage on a part-time basis. Id. at 5. Joudeh gave both of his brothers training in dealing with the Food Stamp Program. Id. at 6.
Between June 25, 1979, and December 21, 1979, Omar and Mohammad Joudeh purchased food stamps from third parties away from the premises of the store at a discount price and, unknown to their brother-owner, Omar and Mohammad redeemed about $4,500.00 worth of those food stamps through the store by deposit of the food stamps in the cash register, via food stamp deposit slips, for cash equivalent value. Id. at 9, 13-16. Both Omar and Mohammad were sentenced for trafficking in food stamps in violation of 7 U.S.C. § 2024(b). Omar was sentenced to six months, assessed a $2,500.00 fine and placed on a four and one-half year probation. Mohammad was fined $1,000.00 and placed on a five year probation. Joudeh fired both Omar and Mohammad after they were charged, which he testified was his first knowledge of their illegal activities. Id. at 12. However, Joudeh rehired both Omar and Mohammad after Omar’s release from prison, and both continued to serve in their former positions of authority until the store was sold in 1983. Id. at 20, 21, 26, 27.
The store averaged sales of some $40,-000.00 to $42,000.00 monthly during the period Omar and Mohammad managed it, and of that amount $12,000.00 to $15,000.00 came from the Food Stamp Program. Id. at 11. Omar testified that Joudeh appeared at the store only occasionally. Id. at 13. Counsel for Joudeh referred to his client as an “absentee owner.” Id. at 13. Omar stated that Joudeh came to the store sometimes once a week, other times three times a week and sometimes only once a month. Id. at 19.
Mr. Robert Higgenbotham, Chief of the Council upon Use and Redemption Section for the Mountain Plains Region, Department of Agriculture, testified thát the violation which occurred at Lincoln Cut Rate Market, i.e., illegal redemption of food stamps worth some $4,532.00, amounted to a flagrant violation. He stated that of some 225 stores which had been disqual *178 ified in cases he dealt with during the last four years, in dollar amount of food stamps illegally redeemed, the Lincoln Cut Rate Market violation was the most flagrant case. Id. at 31, 32.
On appeal, Joudeh contends that the district court erred in holding him, as the store owner, responsible for his manager’s illegal conduct as the basis for upholding the three-year suspension imposed by the Secretary. Joudeh argues that the disqualification of his store is not warranted where the manager (Omar), with criminal intent and for his own advantage and to the disadvantage and detriment of the owner, illegally purchased food stamps and placed them (without knowledge of store owner) in the store cash register in exchange for cash. Joudeh relies almost exclusively upon this court’s opinion in
Bad-wan v. United States,
General Background — The Food . Stamp Act of 1964
The Food Stamp Act of 1964, as amended, 7 U.S.C. §§ 2011-2029, established a Food Stamp Program designed to insure that the abundance of food in the United States should be utilized by cooperative efforts of the Federal Government, the various states and local governmental units to safeguard the health and well-being of Americans and to raise levels of nutrition among low-income families. See, 7 U.S.C. § 2011. The Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to administer the Food Stamp Program and to promulgate such regulations as he deems necessary for the effective and efficient administration of the program. The Secretary has designated the Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) of the Department as the agency to act on his behalf. The Act provides, inter-alia: for approval of retail food stores and wholesale food concerns wishing to be authorized to accept and redeem food stamps in order to effectuate the Act’s purposes, 7 U.S.C. § 2018; for disqualification of previously approved stores or concerns if they violate the provisions of the Act or regulations issued pursuant thereto, 7 U.S.C. § 2021;
and for administrative review of the disqualification of a store, following which any aggrieved store or concern may obtain a trial
de novo
to determine the validity of the Secretary’s action. 7 U.S.C. § 2023(a). In
Kulkin v. Bergland,
The Badwan Case
In Badwan v. United States, supra, this court refused to uphold disqualification of the plaintiff-owner’s retail store from participation in the Food Stamp Program, based upon the operating manager’s illegal purchase of food stamps at a substantial discount from an undercover agent in the store and later placement of the food stamps in the cash register and withdrawal of cash at full value. We held that because the crime was actively concealed from the owner of the store who did not profit from the crime and who was not delict as a result of improper training, inadequate explanation, or negligent supervision of employees no agency inference was justified in imposing sanctions on the store owner. Badwan involved a single criminal action.
The significant factual difference between Badwan and the case at bar, in our view, is that there was a minimum of supervision and oversight of the store operations by Joudeh, and the criminal violations occurred often over a substantial period of time. Joudeh exercised virtually no control over inventory accounting at his store. In effect, for a period of about six months, Joudeh performed no functions of control, *179 management, oversight, or supervision at his store. Furthermore, at the time of the violations in the case at bar, there was in effect a valid regulation promulgated by the Secretary. 7 C.F.R. 278.6(a) enacted and effective January 1, 1979, provided: 1
For purposes of this action, unless otherwise noted, firm means the ownership or management of an authorized retail food store or wholesale food concern or any person acting on behalf of the ownership or management. (Emphasis added.)
The above regulation was enacted pursuant to 7 U.S.C. § 2021(a) which states in pertinent part:
Any approved retail store [firm] ... may be disqualified for a specified period of time from further participation in the Food Stamp Program, or subjected to a civil penalty of up to $10,000.00 for each ■ violation if the Secretary determines that its disqualification would cause hardship to food stamp households, on a finding, made as specified in the regulations, that such store or concern has violated any of the provisions of this Act ...
Thus, under the above regulation, the unlawful actions of the management were attributable to the retail store on the same basis as unlawful acts of the owner.
The district court relied upon the above regulation in significant part in distinguishing this case from Badwan. The court’s conclusions of law contain pertinent reasoning and analysis with which we agree:
Certain regulations were adopted to effectuate 7 U.S.C. § 2021(a). Specifically, 7 C.F.R. § 278(e)(1) permits disqualification of a “firm” for three years if the firm has engaged in flagrant Food Stamp Program violations. Furthermore, effective January 1, 1979, 7 C.F.R. § 278(6)(a) provides that a firm “... means the ownership or management of an authorized retail food store or wholesale food concern or any person acting on behalf of the ownership or management ...”
Therefore, if either the ownership or the management of a retail food store violates the regulations, the “firm” has violated the regulations and may be disqualified. Disqualification of the firm does not require the store owner’s involvement; in fact, numerous courts have held that an owner of a store does not have to be involved in the wrongdoing to be culpable. See Kulkin v. Bergland,626 F.2d 181 , 183 (1st Cir.1980); Willy’s Grocery v. United States,656 F.2d 24 (2nd Cir.1981), cert. denied,454 U.S. 1148 [102 S.Ct. 1011 ,71 L.Ed.2d 301 ] (1982); JCB Super Markets, Inc. v. United States,530 F.2d 1119 (2nd Cir.1976); PTF Enterprises, Inc. v. United States,558 F.Supp. 1317 (W.D.Mo.1983), aff'd,716 F.2d 908 (5th Cir. 1983). See also, Save More of Gary, Inc. v. United States,442 F.2d 36 (7th Cir.1971), cert. denied,404 U.S. 987 [92 S.Ct. 535 ,30 L.Ed.2d 549 ] (1971).
In the instant case, Plaintiff maintains that his personal disqualification is contrary to the law as set forth in Badwan v. United States of America,541 F.2d 1388 (10th Cir.1976).
The Court acknowledges that there are several factual similarities between this case and the situation presented in Bad-wan v. United States of America, supra; however, the Court is of the view that Badwan is not controlling in the instant case. Initially, the Court notes that 7 C.F.R. § 278(6)(a), which defines “firm” as including the management of a retail food store for purposes of disqualification from the Food Stamp Program, was adopted after the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals decided Badwan v. United States of America, supra. Accordingly, the regulation cited above is controlling in the instant case notwithstanding the Court’s decision in Badwan v. United States of America, supra. More significantly, however, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals specified that *180 the situation in Badwan “was not the result of ... negligent supervision of employees ...”541 F.2d at 1391 . In the instant case, as noted above, the Plaintiff was an absentee owner in that he often visited the store only once a week, and commonly visited the store as infrequently as once a month. Although the Plaintiff explained the requirements of the Food Stamp Program to his brothers, the Court is of the view that the Plaintiff had a duty to maintain a higher level of supervision over the redemption of food stamps at his store. This duty is especially evident in the instant case in light of the fact that food stamps accounted for approximately one-third of the sales of the Lincoln Cut Rate Market. Accordingly, the Court finds that the suspension in the instant case is not prohibited by the opinion of the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals in Badwan v. United States of America, supra.
Plaintiff does not dispute that Omar Joudeh, the manager of the Lincoln Cut Rate Market, violated the regulations of the Food Stamp Program. Accordingly, given the additional findings of the Court discussed above, the Court is of the opinion that Defendant’s disqualification of the Plaintiff was proper.
To the extent that Plaintiff also seeks to challenge the specific penalty imposed by the Defendant, the Court finds that the three-year disqualification should be upheld.
R., Vol. I, pp. 14-16.
Other circuits have ruled
contra
to
Bad-wan
based upon the provisions of 7 U.S.C. § 2021(a) only. In
Kulkin v. Bergland,
We agree with the district court’s analysis and conclusions. 7 C.F.R. § 278.6(a) was not in effect when the
Badwan
opinion was issued. In
Wyoming Hospital Ass’n v. Harris,
In Badwan, supra, this court emphasized the fact that it was not for want of supervision by the store owner that the individual employee on one occasion purchased food stamps at a discount and placed them in the store’s cash register for their face value in cash, all for the employee’s personal gain and without knowledge of the owner or gain to the store. There is nothing in this record beyond Joudeh’s testimony, that his store did not profit or gain by reason of Omar’s managerial misconduct, nor is there evidence that Omar’s conduct worked to Joudeh’s disadvantage or detriment.
We hold that the district court correctly found that Joudeh, as the store owner, did not exercise sufficient supervision of his employees and that he was negligent in that respect. Further, we agree with the district court’s conclusion that by virtue of the controlling regulation the illegal conduct of the store management was that of the store.
WE AFFIRM.
Notes
. We do not regard as significant the fact that the quoted language in the regulation was omitted in regulations promulgated in 1983, since we view the language as a reasonable interpretation of, and not an enlargement upon, the statute itself.