184 F. 752 | U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Northern California | 1911
(after stating the facts as above). The defense of ultra vires interposed by the city is one which docs not appeal strongly to a court of equity in a case such as here disclosed. It is purely legal in aspect and in a sense technical, invoking as it does a harsh and unyielding bar which, if sustained, necessarily precludes all consideration of the ethical features of a case and is thereby calculated to result in wrong to innocent parties. Hence it is that the burden of pleading and proving' the facts to sustain it rests peculiarly -with the defendant and is to he ruled with strictness. Brown v. Board of Education, 103 Cal. 531, 37 Pac. 503; Doland v. Clark, 143 Cal. 180, 76 Pac. 958; City of Newport News v. Potter, 122 Fed. 324, 58 C. C. A. 483.
The doctrine of ultra vires is applied in different senses. In its primary sense an act is “ultra vires” the powers of a corporation when it is wholly outside of the scope of the purposes for which the corporation was formed or has its being, and which it has no authority to perform under any circumstances or in any mode. Such an act is simply void, and the transaction builded upon it must fall as to all parties concerned. .But in a secondary sense an act is also said to he “ultra vires” as it affects the rights of parties without whose consent it may not be done; or when the corporation is not authorized to perform it for the specific purpose or in the particular manner involved, notwithstanding it may be within the scope of its general powers. In applying the doctrine, these distinctions should he kept in view, as the rights of parties dealing with the corporation may differ according as the doctrine is applicable in the one sense or the other and as its application may be affected by the relationship of those dealing with it. When it is applicable in the first sense, the defense is always available; but, when it is to be applied in the second, its availability is dependent upon the circumstances of the particular case.
As stated by Mr. Justice Comstock in Bissell v. Michigan Southern R. R. Co., 22 N. Y. 262, in discussing this second phase:
“Circumstances may. and often do, exist wbieli estop the offender from taking advantage of his own wrong. The contract may be entered into on the other side without any riarticrpation in the guilt, and without any knowledge even of the vice which contaminates it. An innocent person may part with, value, or otherwise change his situation, upon the faith of the contract.”
And, as said in Miners’ Ditch Co. v. Zellerbach, 37 Cal. 543, 99 Am. Dec. 300:
“From the cases cited, it very clearly appears that the question, as between stockholders and the corporation, is. a very different one from that which arises between the corporation itself and strangers dealing with it, and the principle established, where the contest arises between strangers and the corporation, is whether the act in question is one which the corporation is not authorized to perform under any circumstances, or one that may he per*756 formed by tbe corporation for some purposes, but not for others. In the former case the defense of ultra vires is available to the corporation as against all persons, because they are bound to know from the law of its existence that it has no power to perform the act. But in the latter case the defense may or may not be available, depending upon the question whether the party dealing- with the corporation is aware of the intention to perform' the act for an unauthorized purpose, or under circumstances not justifying its performance. And the test as between strangers having no knowledge of an unlawful purpose and the corporation is to compare the terms of the contract with the provisions of the law from which the corporation derives its powers, and, if the court can see that the act to be performed is necessarily beyond the powers of the corporation for any purpose, the contract cannot be enforced; otherwise, it can.”
These cpnsiderations would seem to have peculiar application to this case, since it appears without controversy that the bonds in suit are now in the hands of strangers to the transaction, taking without notice and for value; and the contract which gave rise to their issuance and sale has been fully performed, with the result that the city has received the full benefit of that performance and the fruits of such sale. In such a case, if the acts of the city are not to be held void in the extreme sense first indicated, there is, upon the facts, strong and persuasive ground for holding that it cannot be heard to impeach their validity at all.
That a municipal corporation equally with a private one may be es-topped from denying the validity of its contract made within the general scope of its powers, although not entered into or carried out in the precise or formal manner required by law, is well established; and especially is this true with reference to a contract relating to its proprietary as distinguished from its governmental functions — and the contract here involved falls within the latter category.
“A city has two classes of powers: The one legislative, public, governmental, in the exercise of which it is a sovereignty and governs its people; the other proprietary, quasi private, conferred upon it not for the purpose of governing its people, but for the private advantage of the inhabitants of the city itself as a legal personality. * * * In contracting for waterworks to supply itself and its inhabitants with water, the city is not exercising its governmental or legislative powers, but its business or proprietary powers. The purpose of such a contract is not to govern its inhabitants, but to obtain a private benefit for the city itself and its denizens. 1 Dill. Mun. Corp. 27; City of Cincinnati v. Cameron, 33 Ohio St. 336, 367; Safety Insulated Wire & Cable Co. v. City of Baltimore [66 Fed. 140, 13 C. C. A. 375] supra, and cases there cited.” Illinois Trust & Savings Bank v. City of Arkansas City, 76 Fed. 282, 22 C. C. A. 181, 34 L. R. A. 518.
And upon the doctrine of estoppel as applied to such a contract it is said in Westbrook v. Middlecoff, 99 Ill. App. 327:
“While courts should maintain with vigor the limitations which the statute has placed upon corporate action, whenever it is a question of restraining a city council in advance from passing beyond the bounds of statutory requirement, they should, on the other hand, enforce against the city contracts of which it has received the benefit, if the subject-matter of the .contract falls within the charter powers of the city. Where the statute authorizes a municipal corporation to' exercise, a certain power, but specifically regulates the mode in which it may be exercised, an attempt on the part of the municipal officers to override the regulations and exercise It in another manner will be restrained; but when the officers have so acted, and the municipality has received the benefits of a contract thus irregularly entered into,*757 it Is estopped from sotting up the irregular exercise of the power when called upon to pay for what it has received. East St. Louis v. East St. Louis Gaslight Co., 98 Ill. 415 [38 Am. Rep. 97]; Badger et al. v. Inlet Drainage Co., 141 Ill. 540 [31 N. E. 170]; Bradley v. Ballard, 55 Ill. 413 [8 Am. Rep. 656]; First National Bank v. Keith, 183 Ill. 475 [58 N. E. 179]; Village of Harvey v. Wilson, 78 Ill. App. 544; Dillon’s Municipal Corporations, § 444, etc. The proposition is thus tersely stated by Justice Seholfield in Badger et al. v. Inlet Drainage Co.; ‘The doing of a thing in a proper way is a legitimate charge upon the revenues of the municipality; and so, when it is done and is accepted and enjoyed by the municipality, the municipality gets what it had authority to got in a different way, and it should therefore pay for it what it would have paid, had it got it in the right way.’ ”
In Illinois Trust & Savings Bank v. City of Arkansas City, supra, the principle is thus stated:
“There is another and conclusive reason why this city cannot maintain any of the defenses that it has interposed in this suit. It is that it cannot accept the benefits and repudiate the burdens of its contract. It is that it cannot be heard to deny the truth of the representations of the existence and of the execution of this contract, which its records and its conduct have constantly made, and in reliance upon which the gas company and the water company constructed and extended the waterworks, and the bank and the bondholders loaned their money. No principle is more universal in the jurisprudence of civilized nations, no principle is more equitable in itself, or more salutary In its effects, than that no one may, to the damage of another, deny the truth of statements and representa lions by which he has purposely or carelessly induced that other to change his situation. This principle is equitable because it forbids the untruthful or culpably negligent deceiver from profiting by his own wrong, at the expense of the innocent purchaser or contractor who believed him. It is salutary because it represses falsehood and fraud. Paxson v. Brown, 27 U. S. App. 49, 60, 61 Fed. 874, 881, 10 C. C. A. 135, 143; Pence v. Arbuckle, 22 Minn. 417; Cairncross v. Lorimer, 3 Macq. 827, 829; Dickerson v. Colgrove, 100 U. S. 578, 582 [25 L. Ed. 618]; Faxton v. Faxton, 28 Mich. 159; Kirk v. Hamilton, 102 U. S. 68, 75 [26 L. Ed. 79]; Evans v. Snyder, 64 Mo. 516. This principle is as applicable to the transactions of corporations as to those of individuals. As Mr. Justice Campbell well said in Zabriskie v. Railroad Co., 23 How. 381, 400, 401 [16 L. Ed. 488], in which the Supreme Court held that a corporation was estopped 1» question the validity of its void guaranty, because it had permitted the circulation of the bonds that carried it: ‘A corporation, quite as much as an individual. is held to a careful adherence to truth in all their dealings with mankind, and cannot, by their representations or silence, involve others in onerous engagements, and then defeat the calculations and claims their own conduct had superinduced.”
See, also, City of Litchfield v. Litchfield Water Co., 95 Ill. App. 647; Higgins v. San Diego Water Co., 118 Cal. 524, 45 Pac. 824, 50 Pac. 670.
When the specific contentions of the defendant city are examined in the light of the foregoing principles, I think it will readily be perceived that the case does not present an instance of the absence or want of power in the municipality to do the acts complained of such as to make available the defense of ultra vires in its primary sense; but merely an instance of the irregular use of existing power by a departure from the formal requirements of the law governing their action — in no respect sufficient to avoid the doctrine of estoppel above stated. Let us see.
The first proposition of counsel is that the city had no authority to sell, alienate, or mortgage the property in question, and that the ac
But the argument is that the property was acquired by the city charged with,a public trust, that of being used by it for the purpose of building waterworks, and that the purpose was so expressed in the deeds by which it was conveyed by its former owners, and that its attempted- conveyance to the water company was in violation of that trust.
But, in the first place, having general power to alienate its property for the common good, its deed was not void, even if voidable, since the purpose intended was the common good. In the next place, the conveyance, while not perhaps in pursuance of the method of securing waterworks contemplated by those selling to the city, was not in derogation of the trust, since the very purpose of the conveyance was intended as a means to secure the performance of that trust.
But, lastly, those conveying the property to the city are not here ■complaining of the act, and it does not lie with the city to make the objection. Moreover, the' purpose sought has been accomplished, even if irregular, and no one therefore has been injured by the method pursued.
But it is argued that the conveyance to the water company being had to enable the latter to mortgage the property was in effect, though indirectly, a mortgaging of the property by the city; and that this it had absolutely no power to do, the right to mortgage not being included in the power to sell.
But assuming that the transaction amounted in effect to a mortgaging of the property by the city, and was not expressly authorized, it was had for a proper municipal purpose, that of securing the building of waterworks, something the city was expressly authorized by its charter to do (St. Cal. 1876, p. 192), and, the purpose having been accomplished, the transaction, regardless' of its mere form, will be upheld (Adams v. Memphis & L. R. Co., 42 Tenn. 645). And see Middleton Sav. Bank v. City of Dubuque, 15 Iowa, 394; Adams v. City of Rome, 59 Ga. 766; 2 Dill. Mun. Corp. 676.
It is further contended that by its contract with Coffin & Stanton and the conveyance of its property to the water company the'city was attempting to evade the Constitution and the statute limiting the amount of indebtedness it was authorized to incur, and, being- in direct violation of law, was absolutely void. It may be conceded that the transaction in its inception was without sanction of law and could have been enjoined; and that, had its effect been to create at the time an indebtedness in excess of the legal limit, it -would not have been binding on the city. But it is clear that the city never became obligated to pay any indebtedness incurred under the contract until it voluntarily took over the completed works and assumed the obligation,-and possibly — a question which is immateriál — not úntil the action of its coun-
There are some further points made; but they are all covered by the general considerations above stated, and present nothing substantially tending to sustain the defense set up, or take the case out of • the rule of estoppel above stated.
It results that: a decree should go in favor of the complainant, and it is so ordered. /