5 N.Y.S. 569 | The Superior Court of the City of New York and Buffalo | 1889
The complaint is unique. In it the pleader attempted to set forth a cause of action against twelve defendants, nine of which constitute three distinct firms. The remaining three defendants are sued as the agents and representatives of the three firms, and one of them is styled in the body of the complaint, as well as in the title of the action, as “John Doe, whose real name is unknown to plaintiff, the companion of J. Y. Alexander. ” I have tried to find a term known to jurisprudence expressive of the cause of action attempted to be set forth by the complaint, but did not succeed. The complaint alleges in vigorous, popular language, and without regard to legal phraseology, trick, and device, intimidation, false representations, illegal threats, mysterious conduct, duress, extortion, and possibly some other matters by means of which the plaintiff, a married woman, was compelled by the three representatives of the said three firms to execute a chattel mortgage upon certain personal property owned by her. The complaint then goes on as follows: “(4) That at said time this plaintiff was in delicate health, and in state of pregnancy. The threats and taunts of the said defendants John H. Mohlman and J. Y. Alexander, and the mysterious conduct of the defendant John Doe, had an effect upon the mind and body of this plaintiff, so that she became excited and hysterical, and in that condition the plaintiff was unable and incapable of realizing the precise nature of her acts and doings. She was completely under the influence of the fear excited by the aforesaid threats, and in that condition informed the defendants that she was willing to execute any mortgage they might require; and while in that condition the plaintiff signed a mortgage produced by the defendant Alexander. (5) That on the 17th day of March, 1887, there was filed in the office of the register of the city and county of Hew York a paper purporting to be a copy of the mortgage so signed-by this plaintiff; that the said paper was filed for the use and with the authority of the defendants, the members of the said three firms herein above stated, and a copy of said paper is hereto annexed, marked ‘ Exhibit A.’ But this plaintiff, on her information and belief, avers that the said paper, ‘ Exhibit A,’ is not the paper so signed by this plaintiff, but that the paper which plaintiff has signed was, after such signing, altered in material particulars without the consent or authority of this plaintiff. (6) The plaintiff further
The answers of the defendants put in issue every material allegation of the complaint. At the trial, after plaintiff’s husband, as a witness called by the plaintiff, had been examined and cross-examined, the court called upon plaintiff’s counsel to state what the cause of action was. The counsel stated: “The cause of action is the personal injury sustained by Mrs. Wulstein through the invasion by these three men, and the firms they represented, of her home; the threats made to her; and the consequent injuries that she suffered. The court intimated that such ail action did not lie. The counsel claimed that all the elements of the case had not yet been fully elicited, and the following thereupon took place: “The Court. What do you propose to prove? Anything in addition to this gentleman’s evidence? Mr. Wehle. Mo, merely the seriousness of the suffering of the plaintiff. The Court. The physical consequence? Mr. Wehle. The physical consequences, and that it was solely caused by the conduct of these defendants. And then I would ask to have the case submitted to the jury upon all the issues against each of the defendants, because there might be a difference in the degree of responsibility.” The court declined to receive such additional evidence, and to submit any question to the jury, and on motion of counsel for the defendants dismissed the complaint. From the judgment entered upon such dismissal the plaintiff appealed.
The question presented by the appeal is one of proof at the trial, and not, as has been claimed, a question of the sufficiency of the complaint. It is whether the testimony, as given by plaintiff’s husband, together with the additional facts proposed to be shown under the statements of plaintiff’s counsel, entitled the plaintiff to recover anything for her alleged personal sufferings. That no other damages were claimed except such as arose from personal suffering, is too clear for argument. The point now raised, that the plaintiff was entitled to recover at least $2.50 paid by her for the preparation of the chattel mortgage, is untenable (1) because it was not raised below; (2) because such payment was not pleaded as an item of damage; and (3) because the testimony of plaintiff’s husband was that he, and not the plaintiff, had paid the said sum.
The facts to be considered are as follows: Plaintiff’s husband had a grocery store in Division street, which in January, 1887, he exchanged for a
The case having now been pruned down to its proper size, the only question left is whether, on obtaining property by means of duress, the wrongdoer is liable for subsequent consequential mental distress of the party wronged, and for physical suffering caused by the mental distress. The miscarriage in this case occurred about two weeks after the execution and delivery of the chattel mortgage. I can find neither authority nor principle for such a claim. The fundamental principle applicable to all cases in which punitive damages cannot be recovered,—and the case at bar belongs to this class,'—is that the damages to be recovered must be the natural and proximate consequence of the act complained of, whether they are general, viz., such as necessarily result from the wrong alleged, or special, viz., such as are never implied, but recoverable, if specially pleaded. ' 2 Greenl. Ev. § 256. Whether they are general or special, tne maxim is: Causa próxima, non remota, spectatur; or, in the language of'Lord Bacon: “It were infinite for the law to judge the causes of causes, and their impulsion one on another; therefore it contenteth
O’Gorman, J., concurs.