243 P. 866 | Cal. | 1926
This appeal is from a judgment in favor of the defendants after an order granting their motion for a nonsuit. The action was one commenced by the plaintiff to recover damages for the alleged breach of a contract entered into between plaintiff and defendants for an exchange of their respective pieces of real estate, and incidentally for the transfer by defendants to the plaintiff of certain specified items of personal property upon or used in connection with the real estate which said defendants had agreed to *139 convey. This contract was in writing and bore date as of December 27, 1922. On or about January 23, 1923, none of said properties having in the meantime been transferred, the defendants notified said plaintiff of their refusal to make said exchange of properties or to be bound by or to perform the terms and conditions of said agreement. The contract between the parties as finally executed contained the following provision:
"Ninth. The parties hereto do hereby further bind themselves, their heirs and assigns, unto each other, in the sum of $2200.00 to be paid by the party failing to keep and perform the covenants and agreements herein contained and specified, unto the other party hereto, said amount hereby being agreed upon as settled and liquidated damages for such non performance."
Upon the refusal of the defendants to carry out or perform or be bound by the terms of said written agreement the plaintiff brought this action for the recovery of the sum of $2,200 as liquidated damages pursuant to the foregoing clause in said agreement, and in his complaint alleged that he sought such recovery for the reason that it would be and was and is impracticable or extremely difficult to fix the actual damages sustained by the parties to said contract and that he was, therefore, entitled to sue for and recover said sum as liquidated damages and not as a penalty. The defendants answered said complaint, denying the execution of said agreement as to that portion thereof relating to liquidated damages, and also denying the averments of the plaintiff as to his ability to perform said agreement in a number of specified particulars. They also denied the plaintiff's averments to the effect that it would be impracticable or extremely difficult to fix the actual damages for the breach of said agreement, and in that behalf averred that the value of the respective properties of the parties was readily and easily determinable and that any damage suffered by either party through a breach of said contract could be easily determined. They further denied that the plaintiff had suffered any damage by reason of their refusal to keep or perform the terms of said agreement. The defendants also presented a cross-complaint seeking affirmative relief, but its averments on the issues raised thereby are not involved in the questions presented upon this appeal. Upon the trial *140 the plaintiff offered said written agreement in evidence and also gave testimony as to his ability and offer to perform the same and of the defendants' refusal to be bound thereby. He, however, offered no evidence as to any actual damages suffered by him by reason of the defendants' failure and refusal to be bound by or to perform said agreement, nor did he tender any evidence other than that of the terms of the agreement itself as to the impracticability or difficulty in the way of fixing the actual damages arising from the breach of said agreement. At the close of the plaintiff's testimony he rested his case; whereupon the defendants moved for a nonsuit upon several enumerated grounds, the first of which was that the provision in said contract for the payment of liquidated damages was void. This was the only ground of said motion discussed upon the hearing thereon and the action of the court in granting the same was evidently predicated upon the proposition that the plaintiff, having failed to make proof of any actual damages as a result of the defendants' breach of said agreement, had not made out a case. The only question raised or discussed upon this appeal is as to the correctness of the court's ruling upon said ground of nonsuit.
An agreement between the parties to a contract for the sale or exchange of real estate for the payment of a stipulated sum in damages in the event of the breach of said contract on the part of either is not necessarily void. It is only so when (1) it can be determined that such agreement is in the nature of a penalty and not an agreement for liquidated damages, or (2) when it can be determined that the agreement for liquidated damages is one which comes within the inhibition of sections
"Sec.
"Sec.
These sections of the Civil Code apparently re-enact the common-law rule regarding contracts for the sale of real property, as well as the rule in equity permitting the specific performance of such contracts. (17 Corpus Juris, supra.) It is true that the case of Glock v. Howard, supra, presents the singular situation of an evenly divided court as to the particular ground upon which the judgment should be reversed, but the case is so well reasoned that it has notwithstanding become a leading case and has been so often cited with approval that the statements both of the main and of the concurring opinion may be taken as stating the settled law of this state touching the validity of agreements of the character considered therein and of the rights of the respective parties to recovery thereunder. We are unable to perceive that there is any distinction to be drawn between contracts for the purchase and sale of real property and contracts for the exchange of real property. If there is any such distinction it should be in favor of upholding the clause in the latter providing for liquidated damages in the event of a breach thereof, for the reason that as to both parties the property sought in exchange is real property, to *143
which the principle of pretium affectionis applies, and to which, also, the presumption as to the impracticability of adequately admeasuring damages, referred to in section
Having thus determined that the clause in the contract of the parties hereto relating to stipulated damages was a valid and binding obligation, we come to the trial of the cause. The plaintiff offered in evidence the contract between the parties for the exchange of their respective real properties bearing date as of December 27, 1922; and also offered in evidence the letter written on behalf of the defendants dated January 20, 1923, declining to go further with the transaction. He also offered himself as a witness on his own behalf and testified that he was the owner of the property which he had proposed in said agreement to exchange for the defendants' said real estate and that he had always been ready and willing to perform the portion of the agreement of December 27, 1922, to be by him performed. No other testimony was offered. When the plaintiff rested his case the defendants moved for a nonsuit upon several grounds, but upon the first and chief ground that the provision in said contract providing for liquidated damages for a violation thereof was void. The other grounds of said motion need not be considered, since they refer to matters of defense. The order of the trial court in granting said motion clearly indicates that the first ground urged was the ground upon which the trial court acted in granting the motion for nonsuit. We are of the opinion that the trial court was in error in granting said motion. The plaintiff having brought his action upon an express contract for the payment of money in the form of liquidated damages for the breach of an agreement for the transfer of real property and having produced in evidence what we have herein determined to be a legal and binding obligation for the payment of the sum of money for which suit was brought, having shown the defendants' breach of the agreement of which such obligation formed a valid part and having testified that he was ready, able, and willing to perform said agreement, was entitled to the benefit of the presumption provided for in section
Shenk, J., Lawlor, J., Waste, C.J., and Seawell, J., concurred. *145