14 N.Y.2d 129 | NY | 1964
James Wright, Respondent,
v.
Belt Associates, Inc., Appellant, et al., Defendants.
Court of Appeals of the State of New York.
Harold V. McCoy for appellant.
Benjamin H. Siff and Norman Roy Grutman for respondent.
Judges FULD, VAN VOORHIS and BURKE concur with Judge SCILEPPI; Chief Judge DESMOND dissents and votes to affirm in an opinion in which Judge DYE concurs; Judge BERGAN taking no part.
*132SCILEPPI, J.
This action was brought to recover damages for personal injuries allegedly sustained as the result of defendant's negligence.
Plaintiff was employed by Lucien Cance, a subcontractor engaged to install cesspools at homes being constructed in Smithtown, N. Y., by defendant Belt Associates, an owner and builder acting as its own general contractor. The schedule of work established by defendant called for the foundation to be laid by another subcontractor prior to the installation of each cesspool by Cance. Part of the foundation consisted of two concrete slabs, called "cheeks", that extended out at right angles from the front of the foundation and were designed to support the front stoop of the house. Each cheek was 5 feet high and 8 inches wide and extended out 5 feet from the foundation wall. The cheeks were set parallel to each other 5 feet, *133 8 inches apart, but, unlike the foundation walls, rested on sand rather than on footings.
After the foundation and cheeks had been set and other work upon them such as waterproofing had been completed, they were backfilled so that the lower portions were buried in soil. About a month later, after work on the structure of the house had been done, Cance's men, including plaintiff, came onto the construction site to install the cesspool. The work plan called for Cance to locate the cesspool 15 feet from the front foundation wall and to connect it to a 4-inch drainpipe which projected 1 or 2 feet from under the footing of the front foundation wall about a foot to the left of the left cheek. To accomplish this, Cance had to dig a trench about 6 feet deep immediately adjacent and parallel to the outside face of the left cheek to where the drainpipe emerged from under the footing. The trench was excavated to the necessary depth by means of a crane, and thereafter plaintiff went into the trench with a hand shovel to finish uncovering the drainpipe. Since the soil was sandy and tended to slide into any excavation, the digging of the trench exposed the outside face of the left cheek. Consequently, the pressure of the backfill between the two cheeks, now that the counterbalancing pressure of the backfill on the other side had been removed, caused the cheek to break off the foundation wall and fall into the trench, injuring plaintiff. Four similar accidents, of which defendant was aware, had occurred previously during the installation of cesspools, although fortunately on those occasions no one was injured.
Plaintiff predicated defendant's liability on two theories: (1) that defendant failed to provide him with a safe place to work (Labor Law, § 200) by scheduling the backfill operation before instead of after the installation of the cesspool, thus causing the collapse when Cance removed the backfill from one side of the cheek; and (2) defendant failed to brace or support the cheek when the counterbalancing backfill was removed. In connection with the latter theory, the court charged the jury in the language of rule 23-8.1 of the Industrial Code (12 NYCRR 23.8) promulgated by the Board of Standards and Appeals pursuant to subdivision 6 of former section 241 of the Labor Law as follows: "Where there is any question of *134 stability of structures adjoining or over areas to be excavated, such structures shall be supported where necessary by underpinning, sheet piling, shoring, bracing or other means to prevent injury to any employee."
The jury returned a verdict in favor of plaintiff, which the Appellate Division unanimously affirmed. We granted leave to appeal to consider the division of responsibility for safety precautions between subcontractors and general contractors, in light of the relevant statutes and previous pronouncements of this court.
The critical question to be determined here is who had the obligation to brace the cheek while the cesspool was being installed; all else follows from the answer to that question. If Cance had that responsibility, then clearly plaintiff's second theory of liability would be defeated, since defendant could not be chargeable with the omission of a duty it was under no obligation to perform. So, too, plaintiff's first theory of liability that defendant failed to provide a safe place to work could not be sustained. No evidence was introduced to show that the cheeks had been improperly constructed or that backfilling was other than good practice. Nor did the cheeks constitute a dangerous condition when Cance came onto the construction site indeed, they were virtually immovable until Cance removed the backfill from one side.
Thus the case would fall within a well-recognized exception to defendant's general duty to provide a safe place to work that is, where the injury arises through the negligent acts of a subcontractor occurring as a detail of the work (Zucchelli v. City Constr. Co., 4 N Y 2d 52; Broderick v. Cauldwell-Wingate Co., 301 N.Y. 182; Wohlfron v. Brooklyn Edison Co., 238 App. Div. 463, affd. 263 N.Y. 547). And if Cance had the obligation to provide support for the cheek, defendant would not be required to alter its work schedule to protect Cance's employees from Cance's own defaults. No such secondary obligation devolves upon a general contractor even when aware of dangers caused by a subcontractor's plant, tools or methods (Gasper v. Ford Motor Co., 13 N Y 2d 104; Broderick v. Cauldwell-Wingate Co., 301 N.Y. 182, supra).
Rule 23-8.1, above quoted, is pertinent here, but not, as the trial court charged, as authority for plaintiff. What is involved *135 is the distinction between the responsibilities imposed by section 240 of the Labor Law on a "person employing or directing another to perform labor" and the obligations cast on "contractors and owners" under former section 241 of the Labor Law. We were confronted with this problem in Thomas v. New York City Housing Auth. (9 N Y 2d 625) and again in Conte v. Large Scale Development Corp. (10 N Y 2d 20), where it was held that the rules of the Board of Standards and Appeals, promulgated pursuant to subdivision 6 of former section 241 of the Labor Law, could not operate to shift the responsibility fixed on the employer by section 240 of the Labor Law to the owner or general contractor absent the assumption of control by the latter. We noted in Conte the difference between the nature of the obligations imposed on owners and general contractors by former section 241 to keep safe open common areas and those imposed by section 240 to safeguard areas created by them and intimately connected with their work. In conclusion, it was stated (10 N Y 2d, p. 29): "Slight variations in surface levels, however, which arise as the soil is being dug out of the excavation, have to do with the immediate details of the job and their safe construction is rightly made the responsibility of the excavation subcontractor. Were an owner or general contractor to attempt to supervise such work facilities, it would result in a division of authority between the subcontractor and his superiors in an area of his particular competence which would be likely to cause confusion or unreasonably impede the progress of the job."
It is apparent from the foregoing that the duty to brace or otherwise support the cheek during the course of Cance's work in progress rested on Cance. It accordingly was error for the court to submit the case to the jury on the theory that defendant could be liable for its failure to provide the necessary support.
Plaintiff argues that the trial court did not charge that defendant's liability could be based solely on the violation of rule 23-8.1 but merely allowed them to consider defendant's failure to brace the cheek on the issue of whether defendant failed to provide plaintiff with a safe place to work. We do not think that the charge may be read so restrictively, but the result reached here is the same on either view. As has been *136 shown, it was Cance's statutory duty to provide support for the cheek during the course of work in progress. Plaintiff's argument would make this into a dual obligation shared by both defendant and Cance. Whatever additional protection seemingly might be afforded workmen by the imposition of dual responsibility for the assurance of safety precautions is not reflected in the statutory scheme enacted by the Legislature. The policy rather has been to protect employees on the job by avoiding confusion and division of authority. Uncertainty regarding the division of responsibility for safety precautions between subcontractors and general contractors not only produces litigation over accidents that have happened, but is probably a prime cause of their happening in the first place.
In sum, then, it was Cance's responbility to support the cheek during the installation operation. His failure so to do created the condition by which plaintiff was injured. No negligence may be attributed to defendant as a result of Cance's default.
The judgment appealed from should be reversed and the complaint dismissed, with costs to appellant in all courts.
Chief Judge DESMOND (dissenting).
I vote to affirm. Appellant Belt's causative negligence was proven almost beyond dispute and there were no errors on the trial.
Belt was both the owner and general contractor and directed all the work as well as fixing the sequence in which the various operations were carried on. On several earlier occasions similar concrete cheeks at other houses under construction had collapsed under like circumstances because of lateral pressure resulting from the backfill. The owner, therefore, knew that the doing of the backfilling between the cheeks before the trench was dug out alongside the cheek would create an unsafe condition and an unsafe place for digging. Nevertheless, the owner did the backfilling in advance of the trench digging and did nothing to guard against the resulting danger. There is nothing in the record to indicate any necessity for, or common practice of, doing the backfilling first. The owner and general contractor was under a duty to prevent or protect against the unprotected excavating since the owner contractor not only had full notice of the peril but had itself caused it (see Dudar v. Milef Realty Corp., 258 N.Y. 415, 419).
*137While Belt probably did not have, originally, a duty to prop up the cheek so that it would not collapse into the excavation, nevertheless the jury could find that having created the pressure danger by backfilling, Belt had to provide supports or otherwise guard against the kind of accident that had happened before and, as was to be expected, happened here. Perhaps the furnishing of such braces or stays was the responsibility of plaintiff's employer also but that does not absolve Belt from liability for its clearly proven and very grave fault.
This is not a case (like Zucchelli v. City Constr. Co., 4 N Y 2d 52) where there was on the general contractor no duty to furnish a safe place for the particular work because the injury occurred through the subcontractor's own negligence in doing its own work. Here a prior, separate negligent act of the general contractor had made the area unsafe for the subcontractor's excavating operation.
As to the supposed error in charging rule 23-8.1 of the Industrial Code (12 NYCRR 23.8) to the jury, the record shows that the court never told the jury that there was such a rule. He certainly did not tell them that a violation thereof would create absolute liability (see Conte v. Large Scale Development Corp., 10 N Y 2d 20, 29). In instructing the jury as to the general contractor's duty to use due care to furnish a safe place, the court's language was as follows:
"I charge you that where there is any question of stability of structures adjoining or over areas to be excavated, such structures shall be supported where necessary by underpinning, sheet piling, shoring, bracing or other means to prevent injury to any employee. I further charge you that the defendant was not the insurer of the safety of the plaintiff and all other workers on the premises where construction was in progress. But it was its duty to so conduct the operation of construction so as to provide reasonable and adequate protection to the lives, the health and safety of all persons employed on said premises against risk.
"I further charge you that an owner acting as a general contractor has the duty of furnishing employees of subcontractors, as well as its own employees, with a reasonably safe place to work; that owners and builders have no responsibility for the manner in which operations are carried out by subcontractors *138 or their employees. Nor have they responsibility for the methods employed by subcontractors.
"I further charge you that it is the duty of a general contractor to maintain premises under construction in a reasonably safe condition and to detect and remedy any unsafe or dangerous condition, if any, within a reasonable time after such detection so as to protect workers against such risks."
On this record these instructions were fair and correct.
The judgment should be affirmed, with costs.
Judgment reversed, etc.