18 Ga. 609 | Ga. | 1855
Lead Opinion
The Court not being unanimous, delivered their opinions seriatim.
By the Court.
delivering the opinion.
Considering the declaration as substantially a suit against "Wooten & Kirkpatrick, as co-partners, ayo affirm the judgment of the Court bcloAA, in over-ruling the demurrer to the writ, upon the ground of duplicity.
Mr. Greenleaf says — “ The production of papers, upon notice, does not make them evidence in the cause, unless the party calling for them inspects them, so as to become acquainted with their contents; in which case, the English rule is, that they are admitted as evidence for both parties.” (1 Greenlf. Ev. §563.)
With the wisdom of this rule, we have nothing to do. It is not only not uniform in the American Courts, but in the case of Gordon vs. Secretan, (8 East. 548,) it was said to have been over-ruled and denied altogether. See, also, Sayre vs. Kitchen, (1 Esp. R. 209,) and 2 Evans’ Pothier, 187. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, in Withers and others vs. Gillespy, (14 S. & R. 10,) consider the argument against the rule to be insuperable. On the other hand, in support of the rule, we have 2 Tidd. Pr. 804. 2 T. R. 41, and Thompson vs. Jones, and Passel vs. Godsall, the recited. 5 T. R. 386. 5 Esp. cases, 235. 7 Car. & Payne, 386. 1 Caines’, 277. 2 Wash. C. C. Rep. 482, 484, (note.) 1 Harring’s R. 233, 284. 4 Shep. (16 Maine) 224. 8 Sm. and Mar. 362, and 1 Cush. 33, (Massachusetts.)
Holding the rule itself, then, to be too well settled upon the authorities to be disturbed, the inquiry presents itself, did it extend to the second trial ? And upon this point the books are silent. It must be decided, therefore, upon principle. What is the reason for making papers, produced under notice, and inspected by the party calling for them, evidence for his adversary ? It is, says Mr. Greenleaf, because it would give an unconscionable advantage, to enable a party to pry into the affairs of his adversary, for the purpose of compelling him to furnish evidence against himself, without, at the same time, subjecting him to the risk of making whatever he inspects evidence for both parties.
We ask, was not this paper inspected by the plaintiff? Had he not been enabled to pry into the affairs of the defendants ? Having thus acquired an advantage of 'which he could avail himself throughout the litigation, is it right to restrict the corresponding benefit given by the law to the de
Why the latter portion of this proof, namely: the note- and account, were excluded, we cannot very readily comprehend. The issue was, whether or not Kirkpatrick was a partner of Wooten, in the first purchase from Nall? Now,, under any view of the transaction, was not Nall liable to the' Planter’s Manufacturing Company, upon these demands; and was it not a discharge to him, upon this indebtedness ? And was it not a good payment to Mr. Wooten, who was alsebound upon these same claims ?
It is suggested in the argument — perhaps it appears from the record — that Kirkpatrick acted as the agent of Nall & Wooten, and that the note and account were satisfied out of' the funds belonging to his principal; but the evidence does, not show this. At any rate, it was a question of fact to be-submitted to the Jury. It may not be conclusive that the money was advanced out of his own pocket. It is certainly prima facie proof that it was.
The two receipts from Wooten to Kirkpatrick were withheld, upon the ground that it would be allowing the parties to manufacture testimony for themselves.
And so it may; and so the sun, which has risen in the east for six thousand years, may not do so to-morrow. Experience, however, would warrant a different conclusion; and so, the experience of human conduct, as to transactions similar to this, would justify a different presumption. Where an order for the payment of money, or the delivery of goods, is found in the hands of the drawee, or a promissory note is in the possession of the maker, a legal presumption is raised, that he has paid the money due upon it, or delivered the goods ordered. (1 Starkie’s R. 225. 3 Esp. R. 196. 7 Wend. 198. 9 Ibid, 323. 9 S. & R. 385. 1 Starkie’s R. 445. Ibid, 374.) So, a bank note will be presumed to have been signed before it was issued, though the signature be torn off; such being the orderly course of such business; (2 Rob. Lou. Rep.) The same presumption, and for the same reason, arises in favor of the genuineness of these instruments; subject to be'-rebutted, to bo sure, as are all other presumptions. Mr. Wooten having been excluded from testifying, in what other way could these payments have been proven, but by the re» ■
To the action instituted against Wooten & Kirkpatrick, as partners, Wooten made no defence. Kirkpatrick pleaded that he was no partner. A verdict and judgment were rendered against both defendants, from which Kirkpatrick, alone,appealed; and it Ayas upon the appeal trial that the testimony of Wooten Avas offered, by Kirkpatrick, to sustain his plea, and rejected by the Court; and upon the ground of his being' a party to the record.
In Allison vs. Chaffin and another, (8 Ga. R. 330,) this-Court held that Avhere an appeal is entered according to the' Act of 1839, by one of several defendants, the party not appealing is bound by the first verdict. And if this be so, and-that decision was a correct construction of the Act, there is, of course, an end of the question; for Wooten having ceased' to be a party to the record, in the sense in which that term is used by Courts, which hold that such a party is incompetent to testify, no such objection could operate as to him.
I have always believed there were intrinsic difficulties in executing the Act of 1839. (See 1 Kelly, 475, 484.) Sub
We gather from the preamble to the Act, that a contrariety of opinion existed among the Judges of the State, and a different practice prevailed in the various circuits, touching the right to appeal, under certain circumstances. To remedy' this inconvenience, and to make the law uniform, it was providcd, that whenever there was more than one party plaintiff or' defendant, and one or more of said parties plaintiff or defendant desired to appeal, and the other or others failed or refused to do so, it should be lawful for any party, plaintiff or defendant, to enter his appeal, under such rules and regulations as are now provided by law; and that upon the appeal of either plaintiffs or defendants aforesaid, the whole record should be taken up; but in case damages should be awarded upon such appeal, such damages should only be recovered against the party or parties appealing, and their securities, and not against the party or parties failing or refusing to appeal. It is further declared, that in case any security or securities shall be compelled to pay off the debt or damages-for which the judgment may be entered in any cause, he, she or they shall have recourse only against the party or parties for whom he, she or they became security or securities.
Those who controvert the construction put upon the Act of 1889, by this Court, maintain that one of several plaintiffs or defendants may appeal for the whole, and that those who fail or refuse to appeal, will, nevertheless, be bound by the final judgment, except as to damages. And to show that this is the meaning of the Act, reference is made to two clauses thereof, namely: that the whole record shall be taken up,, and that damages shall be awarded only against' the party appealing.
We do not think either or both of these provisions conclusive upon the point. “ The whole record shall be taken nf.” Of course, Avhether the appeal be entered by all the parties, or any one or more of them, the appellate tribunal could not and would not act upon a partial record. This very case was
Again, as to the damages: It is triumphantly asked, why restrict the recovery of damages to the party appealing, if the rest were dropped upon the appeal ? Our response is this: nothing is more common in our legislation than these supererogatory provisions. They are inserted, ex cautela, to supply some supposed deficiency — to make assurance doubly sure. In proof of this, we refer to -.another portion of this same Statute. In the second section, it was declared that damages, for a frivolous appeal, should only be recovered against the party or parties appealing, and their securities; and yet, in the very next section, it is declared that securities who shall compelled to pay off the debt or damages, shall have recourse only against the party or parties for whom he, she they became security or securities. , Now, of course, the party failing or refusing to appeal, gave no security, and no damages could be assessed against such. How then could a security, who paid damages, have recourse over against one who was not, by the express terms of the Act, liable for them ? 'This restriction, like the other, was inserted out of abundant caution, and is, in fact, supererogatory and suppletory. And yet, this additional section was inserted at the instance of Mr. Miller, one of the first Jurists of the State, by way of amendment to the bill, as it was reported to the Senate from the House of Representatives, in which it originated. (See Journal of the Senate of 1839, page 335, 336.)
But an attempt is made to draw an analogy from the writ of error, in which one may take out a writ of error in the name of all. In my humble judgment, the analogy cuts the other way. It is true that one of several parties, cannot prosecute a writ of .error alone. And in analogy to this prac
But here, it will be perceived, that a means of escape is furnished for those who are content to abide by the judgment already rendered. Not so, however, under the interpretation now sought to be put upon the Act of 1839. And thus, the principle of the analogy not only fails, but operates the other way. And still more strongly, when viewed in another aspect, and applied to the case at bar. All the authorities .agree, that only those against whom judgment passes, can ihave error. If, for instance, there be five defendants, three of whom are acquitted, error must be by the two only who .are convicted. Now, while it is true that the judgment in .this case was joint, as against Wooten & Kirkpatrick; still, it is apparent that, upon the reasoning upon which the foregoing principle is sustained, it must be looked upon as a separate judgment against Kirkpatrick only. Wooten never disputed his liability. He set up no defence. The only plea put in was by Kirkpatrick, which was a dexrial of the partnership. He was convicted, and he alone appealed. And I doubt not but that he alone might have prosecuted his writ of error in the case. Substaixtially then, at least, and for the purpose of testing the legality of this testimony, it seems to me that Wooten should be considered as being severed from his co-defendant upon the appeal.
Again, it is contended that it is right, in itself, that all the parties should be bound by the verdict on the appeal, whether
Further, and finally, it is said, that this is an easy working rule; and one which frees the law, from all the perplexities which any new construction involves. Simplicity and practicability in a rule of construction are highly commendable, provided those qualities be not exalted above and preferred to right and justice. The edict of the despot, and the ukase of the autocrat, possess these qualities in an eminent degree — “Do this or die.” How simple and practical! and yet, how greatly preferable, the checks and balances of our federative system, complicated though it may be! Who would hesitate to choose between the simplicity of the arbitrary rules.of the Common Law, the code of a comparatively rude and barbarous people, and the complexity of the Civil Law, which very complexity was the result of a much higher civilization.; ,and as one of the fruits and proofs thereof, an extreme' anxiety to mete out to every litigant the exact measure oftjustice in questions of meum and team. Compare the ’ sic jubeo simplicity of Lord Jefferies’ administration of the Jaw, with. that of the doubting, and doubting, because profoundly learned, and conscientious Lord"Eldon, and how striking the:contrast! •
Concede to them all that is claimed for the construction which I am combatting, namely: that it establishes asimple nnd easy working rule, still, the inquiry recurs: Is it reasonable ? Is it right ? On the contrary, in the language of my brother Warner, in Allison and Chaffin, is it not better “to regulate the rights of tho parties according to their own action in the matter ? And where one of the parties, either a joint plaintiff or defendant, is satisfied with the first verdict, and is
The author of Hotchkiss’ Digest, a work examined and approved, as having been “faithfully executed,” by Wm. T. Gould, Robert M. Charlton and Carleton B. Cole, Esquires, and adopted by the Legislature — a most admirable book, by the way, notwithstanding all the flings which have been made at it — considers the parties as “severed” by the appeal. (Page 601.) And such, I have no doubt, is the fact, whatever may have been the legal effects of such severance.
But admitting that Wooten occupies the same relation, only, toward this case, by not' appealing, as he would do had he suffered judgment to go against him by default; still, we maintain that he is a competent witness.
The Court below refused to permit Wooten to testify, upon the ground that he was a party to the suit upon the record. And the question is then presented, whether the mere fact that the name of a witness appears as a party upon the record, is sufficient, even though it should appear affirmatively, that he has no interest in the event of the suit to exclude him. And the question is one, in respect to which different Courts have entertained different opinions. But I trust I shall be pardoned for saying, that as for myself, I not only consider the argument without force, but hardly deserving the credit of being plausible, which would exclude such testimony; and I make this declaration in the face of the uniform adjudications in the Supreme Court of the United States to the contrary ; and before which Court it is no longer considered an open question. It is true, that Court admits, that in all the cases in which the question had arisen, the party was liable for cost of suit; and therefore, interested; still, they say that the exclusion has been uniform and placed on the ground of
In Safford vs. Lawrence, (6 Barbour’s S. C. Rep. 566,) this whole doctrine is ably and thoroughly reviewed; and it is impossible to read that masterly opinion and doubt that a party to the record is a competent witness, provided he be disinterested. And that interest, alone, and not any conjectural policy, is the sole test of competency. The admission or rejection of the witness depends upon the result of this inquiry.
If this be the well established English rule, as is shown in Worrall vs. Jones, (7 Brougham, 379,) where Chief Justice Tindal declared — “ that no case could be found in which a witness has been refused, upon the ground, in the abstract, that he was a party to the suit,” how much more should it be enforced in this State, where we are not obliged to go into Chancery to procure the testimony of a party, but whereyiarties to the record, plaintiffs and defendants, are examined upon the stand, at Law, just as other witnesses are; and where they are compelled to testify when called, even against their interest ?
Upon this subject, no member of this Court, I believe, has any difficulty. At any rate, I can speak for myself.
But we now approach the exact point of divergence; for notwithstanding the contrariety of opinion as to the proper interpretation of the Act of 1839; still, could we have harmonized as to what would have been the result of a verdict in favor of Kirkpatrick, the judgment of the Court would have been unanimous.
The position occupied by Counsel for the defendant in error is, that one of two defendants in an action ex contractu, who had been defaulted, is not a competent witness for the other, because a verdict in favor of the other, placed the plaintiff in a situation in which he could not avail himself of the default; and consequently, the defendant who was thus defaulted, had, of course, an interest to testify in favor of liis co-defendant.
Take the second section of the Act of 1850, which provides, that “ in suits by or against partners, or when any two or more persons sue or are sued in the same action, and the name of any person, who ought to be joined in such action, as plaintiff or defendant, is omitted — on ascertaining the same the omission shall be amended instanter.” (Cobb's Digest, 493.)
Should any Georgia Court hesitate a moment to construe this Statute as applying to the converse of the case therein specified ? What! clothe the Courts with authority to add a new defendant instanter, and not allow them to prosecute tho suit against one or more, against whom a good cause of ac-~
But suppose the Act of 1850 does not warrant us in rendering judgment against one or more of the defendants, when the action cannot be maintained against all; and that our whole Code is powerless for this purpose; can there be a-doubt upon this point, under the pleading and practice Act of 1853-'4 ? The first section declares: “ that plaintiffs and defendants, in the Superior, Inferior and Corporation Courts in this State, whether at Law or in Equity, may, at any stage of the cause, as matter of right, amend their pleadings in all' respects, whether in matter of form or matter of substance-only,” &c. (Pamphlet, 48.)
Can it be possible that a plaintiff; under the ample provisions of this Statute, shall be subjected to the loss of his suit, founded on contract, because he has failed to sustain his action against all the defendants? Will not the Courts, of
The technical difficulty, then, does not exist. And there-can be no objection why a party to the record, who has been.' defaulted, or against whom a verdict has been rendered, and' no appeal entered, and consenting to be called, should not he admitted as a witness for other defendants, provided he be-disinterested. Indeed, under the Act of 1847, to compel discoveries at Common Law, and subsequent Statutes amendatory thereto, I would not hesitate to force such a party to testify, without his consent, and against his interest, provided his co-defendant was willing to risk him.
Eor the above reasons, we think the Court below erred,., and that the judgment must be reversed.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring.
The difficulty in giving effect to the Act of 1839, authorizing one of several parties against whom a verdict has been rendered, to appeal alone, arises out of the fact, that that Act docs not go far enough in its provisions to avoid the obstacles, which, without further explanation, present themselves in the way of carrying those provisions into effect. Still, it is the law; and to my mind, it authorizes one of several defendants, against whom a verdict has been rendered, and who does not wish to appeal, to avoid further litigation, and to rest satisfied vrith and submit to the verdict, notwithstanding an appeal by his co-defendant, in such explicit
The provision, that “the whole record shall be taken up,” does not affect this view of the matter; for this provision would have been proper, though it were intended to provide that the case should exist only as to the party appealing.
Neither is the restriction of damages to the party appealing conclusive on the subject. As has been so well suggested by my brother Lumpkin, such supererogatory provisions, inserted for purposes of abundant caution, abound in our legislation ; and, it may be added, indeed, in the legislation of all civilized countries.
The effort to show an analogy between the situation of the parties to such a proceeding, and to a proceeding upon a writ of error, at Common Law, is not satisfactory; because, though it serves to show what the law might be without the Statute, it does not show what the law is with the Statute. On the contrary, as it appears to me, the Statute places the party not appealing, from the moment the appeal is entered by the party appealing, precisely in the category of one of several parties .to a writ of error, who withdraws after the case is carried up to the Court of Error.
So, too, as I construe the Act of 1839, the analogy must fail, which is derived from the position of a co-defendant, in an action upon a joint contract at Common Law, against whom judgment has gone by default.
It is true, that at Common Law, a verdict and judgment in favor of the other defendant would relieve the defaulting party; (because judgment could not be given against one joint contractor without the other;) and therefore, it is always to his interest to testify in favor of the defendant litigating. But our legislation has changed this rule, certainly so far as it may apply to the case of a defendant not appealing ; and
I admit, as I have said, that some of the intrinsic difficulties which have been suggested by my brother, dissenting from the judgment of the Court in this case, do exist; but they arise from the action of the Legislature, and to the attention of that body we should commend them.
If any thing which I have here expressed conflicts with the opinion of the Court, in a case decided at the last term of this Court, held in Milledgeville, I desire to say, that I gave my consent to that judgment very reluctantly; that I have continued to doubt its correctness; and I fear that the hardships of that particular case influenced the Court in its judgment then delivered.
We all agree, I believe, in the opinion, that the mere fact that Wooten is a party to the record, does not disqualify him as a witness; and therefore, I shall say nothing on that subject, as the reasons for our opinion, on this point, are fully .stated by my brother Lumpkin.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
I dissent from the judgment of the Court on one point in this case — the point as to Wooten’s competency to be sworn as a witness for his partner, Kirkpatrick. The judgment of the Court is, that Wooten was a person competent to be so .sworn. I think he was not.
The suit was against Wooten & Kirkpatrick. The plaintiff got a verdict against both defendants. From that verdict, one of the defendants only, Kirkpatrick, appealed. On the appeal trial, Kirkpatrick offered to examine Wooten as a witness. The Court below would not allow it. That decision,
In my opinion, Wooten, although he did. not, himself, enter iany appeal, was yet a party on the appeal. The legal effect mf Kirkpatrick’s entry of an appeal was, in my opinion, to .make both himself and Wooten appellants. And if they were both appellants, one could not be a witness for the other. "That is a proposition which nobody disputes.
Were they both appellants? Is it the legal effect of an appeal entered by one of two or inore plaintiffs, or one of two or more defendants, that his co-plaintiffs or co-defendants become equally, with himself, appellants ? I say- it is. I say .that this effect is produced by the Act of 1889, “ to explain and amend the Judiciary Act of 1799, so far as concerns .the .granting of appeals in certain cases.” That Act is in the ‘following words: “ Whereas, a contrariety of opinion exists .among the Judges of this State, and a different practice prewails in the different Judicial Circuits thereof, touching the .granting of appeals under .certain circumstances, for remedy whereof—
“ Sec. I. Be it enacted, that from and after the passage of this Act, it shall and may be lawful, whenever there shall be inore than one party plaintiff or defendant, and one or more of said parties, plaintiff or defendant, desire to appeal, and the other or others refuse or fail to appeal, it shall and- may be lawful for any party, plaintiff or defendant, to enter his appeal, under such circumstances as are now provided by law.
“ Sec. II. Upon the appeal .either of the plaintiff ór defendant, as aforesaid, the whole record shall be taken up; but in case damages shall or may be awarded upon such- appeal, such damages shall only be recovered against the party or parties appealing, and their securities, and not against the party or parties failing or refusing to appeal.
Sec. III. In case any such security or securities shall be compelled to pay off the debt or damages for which judgment may be entered in any cause, he, she or they shall have re
Sec. IV. (Repealing clause.) (Cobb’s Dig: 500.)
“The whole record shall be taken up.” . What does that mean ? It means, that the whole ease. shall be taken up. What else can it mean ? The expression has reference to the ease — not to the mere record of the case. . It means, that not merely a part of the case, but that the whole of the case, shall be taken up. But if the whole of the case is to be taken up, then, of necessity, every • party to the case has to be taken up; and one party to it just as-much as another.- And if all the parties are taken up, all are parties on the;appeal; else, they are parties nowhere. < They certainly are no longer parties below. With equal certainty, they are parties “ taken up.” To what place are they .taken up ? • To the place of the appeal. There is no other-place to take them to.
And if the effect of taking a case up be to vacate the judgment below, as to one party, it must also be to-vacate the judgment as to the other parties. When. the cause is the same, the effect must be the same.
So, if the effect of taking-a case up be to subject one party to the judgment above, it must also be. to subject all. the parties to that judgment.. The case is .taken up, equally as to all.
All this seems to me the necessary .result, from the plain import of the words — ‘(the whole record shall be taken up.” But if I had a doubt as to the import of these words, that doubt would, asff think, have to yield to two implications contained in the Statute: 1. “ But in case damages shall or may be awarded upon such appeal, such.- damages shall only be recovered against the party or parties appealing and their securities, and not against the party or parties failing or refusing to appeal.” , What reason was there for this provision, if the case, as to the parties not appealing, was not to be on the appeal ? , What uso is there in saying that the damages shall not be recovered against one who is not in Court — not before Court or Jury ? But if one is in Court — is before
2. A similar implication, and one of equal strength, is contained in the third section. Why restrict the recourse of the sureties on the appeal to the party for whom they became sureties, if that party was to be the'only party on the appeal? Can there be a reason for it ? • Whereas, if the intention was, that there were tobe other parties on the-appeal — parties carried there against their will, by their fellow-parties, there is good reason for the restriction. The implication, then, must be, that there were to be such other parties on the appeal.
I insist, then, that according to what this Act says three times, once expressly and twice impliedly, the effect of an appeal entered by one of two or more parties on the same side, is to place the whole case on the appeal, and to make all of the parties on that side appellants.
And here I might stop; for is there any thing which a Court can even notice, if that thing be in opposition to the language of the Legislature ?
But I will go on a little longer, in the endeavor to show that this, my argument, from the “words” of the "Act, is sustained by the argument, from “effect and consequences.”
1. Unless the conclusion I have come to is the ■ true' one, the Statute is, as it seems to me, without any effect-whatever. If we say that Avhen one only out of two or more plaintiffs or tAvo or more defendants appeals, one only gets upon the appeal, what effect do ayc give to the Statute ? Could we have said aught but this; or, at least, less than this, if the Statute had never been passed?
2. How Avill the opposite conclusion work ? That conclusion is, that if one only out of more than one plaintiff or de
But suppose the result of the appeal trial, in the case assumed, be the reverse; suppose the verdict on the appeal, instead of being in favor of the plaintiff, and for $1000, should be for the defendant; is that plaintiff, who does not appeal, to lose his judgment for the $500 ? If he is not, who is to pay it to him ? not the defendant; the final trial shows that the defendant owes nothing — the plaintiff by whose fault, in appealing, he lost the judgment for the $500 ? That plaintiff had the right to appeal.
The consequences will be equally incongruous, if we take-the case of an appeal entered by one only of several defend
And then, what will be the form of the execution in either of the supposed cases, say the first verdict was in the Inferior-Court ? What parties will the Clerk of the Superior Court put in the execution ? Can he put in the execution parties-not in his Court ? And none but the parties appealing would be in his Court, if the Statute means what a majority of this Court think it does; for if the other parties be in his Court, where, in the Court, would they be? Not on the appeal; still less any where else. And yet, those other parties ought,somehow, to be in the execution. And what must the execution command the Sheriff to do ? Which judgment must it command him to execute ? How much money must it command him to raise ? Or is one execution to go from the Superior Court, and one from the Inferior ? If so, how is the Sheriff to escape executing both?
I see no solution to the many difficulties that must grow out of such an interpretation of the Statute as this of the ma-' jority of the Court.
On the other hand, no difficulties will grow out of the practical working of the Statute, interpreted as I think it should-be. If so interpreted, appeals under it will be like ordinary appeals — appeals in which all the parties on the appealing, side join.
And in permitting one of two plaintiffs, or of two defendants, to put the case on the appeal as to both, without the-consent, or even against the consent, of the other, I see nothing unjust — nothing discountenanced by analogy — rather, I see something which possesses, I think, a preponderating utility.
The acknowledgment or the release of ono of two on
And the power to make such acknowledgements and releases, is a far higher power than the power in question. Even if one of two parties appeals against the consent of the other, and forces the other to go with him, the chances are, at least even, that the other will not suffer by it — that the verdict om the appeal will be no worse than the verdict below.
In most cases, however, the party not joining in the appeal-is passive — is indifferent whether there be an appeal or not.. He is a surety or a hopeless insolvent, or something that makes him indifferent as to what becomes of the case. What great harm can there be in letting his" fellow carry such a party with him on the appeal ? Why compel such a party to-be at the trouble of joining in the appeal ? And if one who is-a surety, omit, by carelessness, to join his principal in an appeal, and on the'appeal, the principal gets off clear, how hard it would be to make the surety pay the verdict below ? Eor in such a case, he would have no contribution from his principal. Would it not be better that he, too, were considered to be on the appeal, that he might go clear with his principal ? The plaintiff, it is true, might lose the verdict below; but then he ought to lose it. And may we not safely say that a plaintiff ought to lose the. ver diet below, in every case in which he is defeated on the appeal trial, even although all of the defendants may not have appealed from the verdict ?
Is it to be said, that if the' party that appeals gets off upon the appeal trial, the party that does not appeal cannot complain if he is made to pay the verdict below ? Is it to be said, that his not appealing is evidence that he is satisfied with the verdict ? But can this, in fairness, be said ? What verdict is it with which the party not appealing is satisfied ? It is a verdict against him and another or others, jointly; a verdict, therefore, the weight of which another or others are to bear equally with him ; a verdict, the weight of which, if he is a surety only, another or others are exclusively to bear. This is the verdict with which he is content. But this