148 Mo. 241 | Mo. | 1899
The plaintiff is the wife of the defendant James Woodward. They were married in June, 1889.
At the time of her marriage, she had about $1,000 which she had inherited from her father.
At the solicitation of her husband, she invested $500 of this money in January, 1891, in a tract of land containing eighteen acres, in Greene county.
For a balance of $295 she executed her note in which her husband joined her. On this note the defendant, her husband, has paid $241.75, out of his own means and earnings. The tract adjoined a small farm of twenty acres owned by the husband, and after the purchase he cultivated and used it in common with his own land. He also set out an apple Orchard on it.
In 1895 plaintiff sued defendant Woodward, for a diwas defeated in the action. Since then she has ^art from her husband and supported herself and two torn of this marriage.
the other defendant, is a tenant of defend-ió. charge of the whole thirty-eight acre¡?. house on the eighteen acres in which Lwith her children. In her petition she and that her husband collected all eland for 1895, and is assuming that she has never author-tenant is cultivating and ¿ntiff’s consent, and against
Defendant in Ms answer somewhat amplified tbe foregoing facts, and relied upon tbe fact tbat plaintiff bad left bim without just cause, bad sued bim for divorce, and failed to obtain it; tbat be afterwards invited plaintiff to return to bis borne but sbe refused to do so, wherefore be says sbe has no equity and put berself in a position tbat a court of equity will not aid ber. Tbe circuit court granted a perpetual injunction restraining defendants from interfering with plaintiff in tbe use and control of said tract.
Defendants appeal and assign numerous errors.
I. Tbe mode of procedure is challenged. It is urged tbat plaintiff’s remedy is at law, by unlawful detainer or ejectment.
Tbat a wife may resort to a court of chancery in a suit against ber husband, to protect ber separate estate there can be no doubt. [Walter v. Walter, 48 Mo. 140; Story’s Eq. Pl., see. 61; Sackman v. Sackman, 148 Mo. 516.] But it is assumed by counsel tbat section 6869 creates a legal estate in tbe wife, and tbat sbe should sue ber husband at law for a conversion of ber estate, or where, as in this case, it is land, sbe should bring ejectment or unlawful detainer. While the act is very broad and comprehensive as to tbe wife’s property rights, it will be observed tbat it does not in express terms at least authorize ber to sue ber husband at law.
In Ilgenfritz v. Ilgenfritz, 49 Mo. App. 127, it was ruled tbat tbe statute did not abrogate tbe common law rule that a wife could not. sue ber husband at law, as has been held by tMs court in Walter v. Walter, 48 Mo. 140; Rieper v. Rieper, 19 Mo. 352.
But conceding tbat tbe statute has conferred upon tbe wife tbe right to sue her husband directly at law, it by no means follows tbat sbe may not still sue in equity as sbe could prior to tbe enactment of tbe statute.
Defendant admits that his wife’s separate estate to the amount of $500 was employed in paying the cash payment for the land, and that she signed the note for the balance of $295 and the deed was made to her — but insists that because he paid $240 out of his earnings, and labor, that she is not the sole owner. In the absence of proof to the contrary, the making of the deed to plaintiff in her own name raises a strong presumption that it was intended as a provision for and settlement upon the wife for her own benefit, and not as a resulting trust for the husband. [Ilgenfritz v. Ilgenfritz, 116 Mo. 429; 2 Pom. Eq. (2 Ed.), sec. 1039; Schuster v. Schuster, 93 Mo. 438; Seibold v. Christman, 75 Mo. 308.]
When in addition to this presumption the fact is conceded that the bulk of the purchase money was paid out of her separate estate, and she gave her own obligation for the balance, the presumption would be almost conclusive. It certainly is not rebutted by the fact that the husband paid out of his earnings on this tract and his own the $240 of the pur-" chase money. Nor can he claim compensation for improving the land under such circumstances. [Boynton v. Miller, 144 Mo. 681; 2 Bish. Mar. Women, sec. 300; 14 Am. and Eng. Ency. Law, 579 et seq.]
The trial court found against the claim that there was any agreement that the husband was to have any interest in
This tract being then under the existing law the separate estate of the wife, “with all income, increase and profits thereof,” and “under her sole control,” a third proposition is advanced by the husband and it is this: He insists that as the wife is seized of an estate of inheritance and there are two children born of the marriage, and still living and capable of inheriting the land upon their mother’s death, he has an estate by the curtesy initiate and waiving all other questions this entitles him to the possession of the land.
That such is the common law and the law of this State» with respect to the ordinary legal estate of the wife, unless modified or changed by this statute, admits of no discussion. [1 Wash, on Real Prop. (5 Ed.), p. 188; Clay v. Mayr, 144 Mo. 376.]
It is also well settled law in Missouri that a husband is entitled to curtesy in the equitable separate estate of the wife, of which she died seized, although limited to her separate use. [Alexander v. Warrance, 17 Mo. 228; Tremmel v. Kleiboldt, 75 Mo. 255; Soltan v. Soltan, 93 Mo. 307.]
While the statement is general that the husband, all the requisites concurring, is entitled to curtesy in his wife’s separate estate, an examination of the decided cases, as well as sound reason, will demonstrate that it does not and can not mean that “curtesy initiate” in such a case will entitle him to the rents and profits of. his wife’s separate estate during cover-ture and thus nullify the provisions of the trust itself, but the statement goes no farther than to assert that he is entitled to his estate by the curtesy after her death, and even this right may be cut off by a clearly expressed intention in the will or deed creating the separate estate. [4 Am. and Eng. Ency. Law, p. 965; 1 Wash. Real Prop. (5 Ed.) 176-177; 4 Kent Com. 31, 32; Carter v. Dale, Ross & Co., 3 Lea, 710.]
With this understanding of the law as it existed in this
If we are not by judicial construction to emasculate and nullify this plain statute it unquestionably means that tbe wife alone has tbe right to tbe rents, issues and products of her land, and her husband has no right to interfere with or withhold them.
This construction does not necessarily conflict with tbe right of curtesy, further than it does in separate equitable.estates in simply denying tbe husband tbe possession and profits during coverture, but it does, conflict with tbe right of a tenant by tbe curtesy initiate to that extent.
Tbe remaining contention that tbe wife’s right to her separate estate is dependent upon her living with her husband, finds no countenance in tbe statute. No such condition is attached to her title. It is hers absolutely, whether she be faithful or unfaithful to her marital obligations.
The circuit court very properly overruled these various defenses, and entered a perpetual injunction against the husband and his tenant. There was no misjoinder in the petition. The decree is affirmed.