WOODS v. THE STATE
S02A0498
Supreme Court of Georgia
November 26, 2002
Reconsideration Denied December 13, 2002
275 Ga. 844 | 573 SE2d 394
HUNSTEIN, Justice.
Willie Earl Woods, Jr. was convicted of murder in the 1997 shooting death of Brian Keith Palmer. He appeals from the denial of his motion for new trial.1 Because appellant received effective assistance of counsel and his remaining enumerations present no grounds for reversal, we affirm.
1. The evidence authorized the jury to find that appellant intended to kill Palmer because Palmer “snitched” to police in Toledo, Ohio about an armed robbery appellant and he had committed there in May 1997. Both men came to Atlanta in June 1997 and the victim contacted appellant. The two men met and the victim agreed to join appellant and co-defendant Antonio Brown in committing an armed robbery. Damon Dawson, an Atlanta acquaintance of Brown, guided them to the apartment complex where the robbery was supposed to occur. As appellant and the victim were walking ahead of Dawson and Brown, appellant suddenly shot the victim in the head, then shot him again in the back when he was on the ground. The victim was fatally wounded by the multiple gunshots. The three men then ran away and Brown later buried the murder weapon behind the house where Dawson was living. The following day appellant and Brown attended a Father‘s Day barbeque picnic with Dawson, his family and friends. The two men then left town and went to Florida. Ten days after the shooting Dawson voluntarily contacted the police.
Appellant and Brown testified at trial that they had visited Atlanta briefly before the murder but had traveled on to Florida by June 4. They testified they did not return to Georgia until extradited in connection with this case.
The weight and credibility to be given the testimony of witnesses are in the exclusive province of the jury. Parks v. State, 275 Ga. 591, 592 (1) (571 SE2d 381) (2002). The jury was authorized to disbelieve the alibi testimony of appellant and Brown and credit the testimony of the State witnesses. See Givens v. State, 273 Ga. 818 (1) (546 SE2d 509) (2001). After reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury‘s determination of guilt, we conclude that a rational trier of fact could have found appellant guilty of the crimes charged beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (99 SC 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979).
2. In his first enumeration regarding ineffective assistance of counsel, appellant contends trial counsel‘s representation of both appellant and Brown created an actual conflict of interest that adversely affected his lawyer‘s performance in his representation of appellant. See Ellis v. State, 272 Ga. 763, 766 (534 SE2d 414) (2000). Assuming, arguendo, that the written waiver of conflict appellant executed was legally insufficient, we find no merit in appellant‘s contention that he has shown he was adversely affected by the conflict created by trial counsel‘s joint representation here.
A defendant who does not object to joint representation to the trial court must show not only a conflict of interest, but that the conflict adversely affected his attorney‘s performance. Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335 (100 SC 1708, 64 LE2d 333) (1980); Ellis, supra. Thus, a defendant is required to show “an actual lapse in representation.” Cuyler, supra, 446 U.S. at 349. “The premise of a defendant‘s claim that he was denied conflict-free assistance because of joint representation must be that his lawyer would have done something differently if there was no conflict.” Cates v. Superintendent, Indiana Youth Center, 981 F.2d 949, 955 (7th Cir. 1992). Where the record establishes that counsel‘s conflict did not damage his client but actually helped him, that client cannot show that his lawyer‘s performance was adversely affected by the conflict. Yeck v. Goodwin, 985 F.2d 538, 541 (11th Cir. 1993). See also Meyers v. State, 265 Ga. 149 (2) (454 SE2d 490) (1995). Accord United States v. Hall, 200 F.3d 962, 966 (6th Cir. 2000) (in appeal by brothers Rex and Stanley Hall from drug convictions, court affirmed Rex‘s conviction but reversed as to Stanley where record showed counsel had “concentrated only on Rex Hall” to the prejudice of Stanley Hall).
An examination of the bases asserted by appellant to demonstrate the adverse effect of the conflict reveals that any division of loyalty between appellant and Brown caused by the conflict of interest served only to benefit appellant and at worse adversely affected Brown alone.2 Appellant points to trial counsel‘s insistence that no plea agreement be negotiated unless both defendants received the same deal, namely, a guilty plea in exchange for the jail time the men had already served. In light of the State‘s evidence that appellant was significantly more culpable than Brown, trial counsel‘s position on this issue solely benefitted appellant. See id. Likewise, the record reflects that trial counsel repeatedly sacrificed Brown‘s potential defenses, such as mere presence at the scene of the crime, in order to
Our review of the record reveals that trial counsel‘s decisions throughout the proceedings were consistent with a defense strategy that served only to support and reinforce appellant‘s alibi defense, to the detriment of Brown and to the benefit of appellant. Accordingly, because appellant cannot show that counsel‘s representation of appellant was adversely affected by the conflict, his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is without merit.
3. Appellant asserts trial counsel was ineffective because (a) he inadequately prepared and presented the alibi defense; (b) failed to seek a continuance to obtain the testimony of a defense witness; (c) failed to object to improper closing argument; (d) failed to introduce exculpatory evidence; and he failed to object properly to inadmissible hearsay evidence. See Division 4, infra. In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a criminal defendant must show that counsel‘s performance was deficient and that the deficient performance so prejudiced the client that there is a reasonable probability, i.e., a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome, that but for counsel‘s unprofessional errors the result of the proceeding would have been different. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (104 SC 2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984); Smith v. Francis, 253 Ga. 782, 783 (325 SE2d 362) (1985). “The criminal defendant
(a) The record reveals that in preparing and presenting appellant‘s alibi defense, counsel met repeatedly with appellant, reviewed with appellant the contradictory police statements made by State witnesses, and prepared appellant for testifying at trial. The transcript reflects that counsel conducted substantial cross examination of State witnesses whose testimony contradicted the alibi defense. Counsel testified that he was aware of only one alibi witness, appellant‘s girlfriend Lakeiva Zimmerman; that he tried to contact another witness, a young woman, whose name he was given but despite three calls to her number he was unable to reach her and the phone was later disconnected. Counsel detailed his contacts with Zimmerman5 and explained that although she had agreed voluntarily to testify, he had subpoenaed her for trial but she did not appear. Counsel did not seek to compel her presence because appellant told him he had heard that Zimmerman had been arrested for shoplifting and was in jail somewhere in Ohio on a parole or probation violation. Because counsel did not know where she was, he considered further effort “futile.” See Morris v. State, 257 Ga. App. 169, 172 (2) (570 SE2d 619) (2002) (trial counsel cannot be held ineffective for failing to track down witness whose whereabouts is unknown).
Zimmerman did not testify at the hearing on the motion for new trial; neither did the other alibi witness, Tom Woods, whose name counsel‘s records reveal he had been given. Appellant thus did not show that the testimony of these witnesses would have been relevant and favorable. Smith v. State, 273 Ga. 356 (3) (541 SE2d 362) (2001). Although appellant did adduce the testimony of one alibi witness6 who stated she would have been available to testify at appellant‘s trial, the trial court was authorized to credit counsel‘s testimony regarding the alibi witnesses whose names he was given. See Palmer v. State, 274 Ga. 796, 798 (560 SE2d 11) (2002) (counsel not ineffective where counsel not informed of potential alibi witness). Applying
(b) Trial counsel explained that he did not seek a motion for continuance in order to obtain the testimony of Zimmerman, the jailed alibi witness, because appellant and Brown wanted to go to trial immediately and when he discussed the delay with his clients, they told counsel “Let‘s go.” It thus appears that the tactical decision to proceed without Zimmerman‘s testimony was made after consultation with appellant and based in large part on appellant‘s insistence that there be no more delays. Appellant has failed to show that this “tactical judgment of [trial counsel] was outside the wide range of reasonably effective assistance. [Cit.]” Jefferson v. Zant, 263 Ga. 316, 320 (3) (b) (431 SE2d 110) (1993). See Glass v. State, 255 Ga. App. 390 (10) (d) (565 SE2d 500) (2002).
(c) During closing argument, the Fulton County assistant district attorney improperly stated to the jury on several occasions his personal belief as to the veracity of various witnesses.7 “The longstanding rule is that counsel may not state to the jury his or her personal belief about the veracity of a witness.” (Footnote omitted.) Bolden v. State, 272 Ga. 1, 2 (525 SE2d 690) (2000). See also Standard 3-5.8 (b) of the ABA Standards of Criminal Justice Relating to the Prosecution Function, which provides that “[t]he prosecutor should not express his or her personal belief or opinion as to the truth or falsity of any testimony or evidence or the guilt of the defendant.” Although counsel gave conflicting explanations for his failure to object, the trial court was entitled to believe counsel‘s testimony that he recognized the impropriety of the State‘s argument but deliberately chose not to object because he felt the matter could be better addressed in the defense closing argument. Resolution of this error is thus controlled by the recent opinion of Braithwaite v. State, 275 Ga. 884, 886 (572 SE2d 612) (2002), in which Chief Justice Fletcher, writing for the majority, held that
[w]ith the benefit of hindsight, one can always argue that trial counsel‘s failure to object was something that no reasonable trial lawyer would do. Our task, however, is to determine whether, in the throes of closing argument, no reasonable attorney, listening to the inflection of the speaker‘s voice and judging the jurors’ reactions, would choose to remain silent instead of objecting and calling attention to the improper argument. Here, [appellant‘s] attorney reasonably chose silence, and we will not use hindsight to second-guess that decision on appeal.
(d) Appellant contends trial counsel was ineffective for failing to use a videotape as exculpatory evidence at trial. The videotape was not introduced into evidence at the hearing on appellant‘s motion for new trial and does not appear in the record. We have no means, therefore, to review its contents. However, it is uncontroverted that the tape depicted at least some portions of the Father‘s Day barbeque picnic on June 15, 1997 that State witnesses testified they and appellant attended, and that appellant is not seen on the tape.
We do not agree with appellant that counsel‘s performance was deficient for not using the tape to contradict State witnesses who testified that appellant was in Atlanta and at the picnic the day after the murder. Counsel‘s testimony reflects his recognition that the absence of appellant‘s image on the videotape did not prove appellant was not at the picnic, but showed only that appellant was “just not on that portion of the tape.”8 Although counsel realized the tape could have “back[ed] up” appellant‘s alibi defense, counsel made the reasonable decision not to use it because it did not “add to anything” regarding the “swearing contest” between appellant and the State witnesses. See Brown v. State, 268 Ga. 354, 357 (4) (a) (490 SE2d 75) (1997) (trial counsel not ineffective for failing to introduce evidence that “did not rule out the possibility that [the accused] was nonetheless at the murder scene“).
Furthermore, appellant has failed to make the requisite showing that counsel‘s error prejudiced the defense. Because appellant never introduced the tape itself into evidence, it is not possible to determine what the tape showed, including such critical matters as how
The failure of trial counsel to employ evidence cannot be deemed to be “prejudicial” in the absence of a showing that such evidence would have been relevant and favorable to the defendant. Because appellant failed to make any proffer of the [videotape], it is impossible for appellant to show there is a reasonable probability the results of the proceedings would have been different.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Goodwin v. Cruz-Padillo, 265 Ga. 614, 615 (458 SE2d 623) (1995). Accord Prins v. State, 246 Ga. App. 585, 590 (5) (539 SE2d 236) (2000) (failure to adduce videographic evidence at hearing leaves court “unable to determine how, if at all, . . . any videotape might have affected the outcome of the case“). Because appellant has failed to prove there was a reasonable probability the results of his trial would have been different had trial counsel introduced the tape, the trial court did not err by denying his motion for new trial on this basis.
4. Appellant contends the trial court erred by admitting testimony by an Ohio police detective regarding the details the victim gave police about the armed robbery appellant and he had committed in Toledo in May 1997.9 The jury had already heard testimony that appellant believed the victim had “snitched” on him to police and Dawson testified that after the murder, appellant stated he and the victim had committed a robbery in Toledo, the victim had been caught, and had agreed to turn appellant over to the Ohio police. Because this legally admissible evidence covered the essential facts included in the Ohio officer‘s testimony, we conclude that the admission of the detective‘s testimony, even if error, was harmless. See Myers v. State, 275 Ga. 709 (572 SE2d 606) (2002) (the erroneous admission of hearsay testimony is harmless when it is cumulative of legally admissible evidence of the same fact). It follows that counsel‘s failure to object to the detective‘s testimony did not constitute deficient performance that prejudiced appellant‘s defense and thus appellant was not denied effective assistance of counsel. Smith v. State, 275 Ga. 326 (3) (565 SE2d 453) (2002).
Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur, except Fletcher, C. J., and Sears, P. J., who dissent.
I dissent because trial counsel had an actual conflict of interest in jointly representing the two defendants charged in this case and the conflict adversely affected the representation of Woods.
1. An important issue for trial courts, prosecutors, and defense counsel, which the majority ignores, is the validity of a waiver of conflict of interest. In non-death penalty cases, a defendant may consent to joint representation by waiving the conflict of interest.10 To be constitutionally valid, however, the waiver must be knowing, intelligent, and voluntary.11 There is no record in this case of the trial court questioning Woods about his written, pro forma waiver to ensure that it was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. Nor did trial counsel ever discuss the dangers or conflicts that might arise from joint representation.
I recognize that a trial court is not constitutionally required to conduct a hearing on the validity of a waiver whenever defendants are jointly represented.12 However, the judicial process would be well-served if trial courts conducted an inquiry as soon as possible whenever faced with jointly represented criminal defendants. An inquiry would permit the trial court to determine well before trial whether separate counsel is required. Additionally, if the inquiry appears on the record and the trial court concludes the waiver is valid, the appellate courts would be better equipped to address the issue on appeal. This suggested procedure is also consistent with Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 44 (c), which requires federal courts to make an inquiry on the record whenever co-defendants are jointly represented.
A complete inquiry would show on the record that a defendant insisting upon joint representation is aware that a potential conflict exists and may result in counsel foregoing favorable defenses, arguments, and plea negotiations on his behalf.13 The record should also show that the defendant is aware of his right to separate counsel and
2. To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim based on joint or dual representation where the defendant raised no objection at trial, the defendant must show that “an actual conflict of interest adversely affected his lawyer‘s performance.”18 A defendant need not make the additional showing required under Strickland v. Washington,19 that, but for the deficient performance, the result of the trial would have been different.20
3. The record demonstrates that counsel was handicapped in his plea negotiations. His only plea offer of time-served for Woods was unreasonable in light of the State‘s evidence showing that Woods was the shooter, but was reasonable in light of the evidence suggesting a mere presence defense for Brown. Counsel operating without a conflict would have sought a more reasonable plea agreement on behalf of Woods.21 Additionally, witnesses testified that, after the crime took place, they saw Brown with a gun that he was trying to hide and that Brown made inculpatory statements. Due to the joint representation, trial counsel failed to cross-examine these witnesses regarding this testimony and had to forego using this evidence to challenge the State‘s theory that Woods was the shooter, lest counsel implicate his other client, Brown. Because counsel‘s actual conflict adversely affected his representation of Woods, I would reverse.
DECIDED NOVEMBER 26, 2002 —
RECONSIDERATION DENIED DECEMBER 13, 2002.
Patrick D. Deering, for appellant.
Paul L. Howard, Jr., District Attorney, Bettieanne C. Hart, Elizabeth A. Baker, Assistant District Attorneys, Thurbert E. Baker, Attorney General, Tammie J. Philbrick, Assistant Attorney General, for appellee.