27 Haw. 20 | Haw. | 1923
OPINION OF THE COURT BY
Plaintiff brought trespass on the case in the fifth circuit court for injuries sustained by reason of the alleged
The only exception meriting attention is that to the decision. It assigns several grounds of error but due to the conclusion we here reach we shall consider but two— (a) the alleged failure of the trial court to state its reasons for its decision as required by section 2380, R. L. 1915, and (b) the alleged refusal of the trial court to make specific findings of fact requested by defendant.
The pertinent portion of section 2380, R. L. 1915, with which we are concerned, reads as follows: “In such case the court shall hear and decide the cause, both as to the facts and the law, and its decision shall be rendered in writing stating its reasons therefor.” In its original form (Sec. 1138, C. C. 1859), and as carried through the revision of 1905, the words “stating its reasons therefor” were not present. They were added by chapter 117, section 1, S. L. 1909. As the statute stood prior to the amendment no reasons for the court’s decision were required. (Waialua Agr. Co. v. O. R. & L. Co., 18 Haw. 81, 87; Wo Sing v. Akau, 18 Haw. 427, 428.) This resulted in this court experiencing considerable difficulty in the consideration of appeals in jury-waived cases to determine the extent of the trial court’s decision which finally found expression in the case of In re Lewers & Cooke, 19 Haw. 334, 335, where the court said: “In jury waived cases particularly it some times happens that the decision is so brief as to afford no clew as to the matters of law and fact passed upon, and that it is possible to support the decision upon a view of facts which, while sustained by some of the evidence, is so completely contradicted by other testimony that it was
The Lewers & Cooke decision was in January 1909 and the amendment was enacted in the following April.
Aside, however, from the manifest intention of the legislature by the passage of Act 117, S. L. 1909, to cure the fault complained of, the scope of the amendment is clear.
A cause of action necessarily involves both law and fact — the facts from which the plaintiff’s primary right and the defendant’s corresponding primary duty arose together with the facts Avhich constitute the defendant’s delict or act of wrong and the laAV creating such primary right and the corresponding primary duty. A defense involves any fact or set of facts which will in law defeat the cause of action in whole or in part. A cause of action or defense is asserted by pleadings. Pleadings are allegations by the parties to a cause for the purpose of presenting for trial and determination the issues of fact and law involved and essential to establish a cause of action or defense. Prior to the amendment of 1909 a decision of the court upon the trial of an action at law jury waived, similarly as a verdict of a jury, need but state in whose favor the issues of fact and law were de
That ho standard by which the sufficiency of the reasons assigned for the court’s decision may be measured is provided by the statute is immaterial. However informally expressed the determination, opinion or conclusion of the court upon the facts and law alleged by the pleadings and necessary to sustain the cause of action or defense constitutes the “reasons” for the ultimate decision and is a compliance with the statute. To require more would be to usurp the legislative functions. To
We are of the opinion that the trial court’s decision does not comply with the requirements of section 2380. It would serve no useful purpose to quote the decision in full. Its defects render it useless as an object of constructive criticism. No attempt was made by the trial court in its decision to express its determination, opinion or conclusion upon the facts upon which depended the primary right of plaintiff and the corresponding duty of defendant or upon the facts alleged as constituting the defendant’s delict or act of wrong. The complaint alleged and there was evidence tending to show that immediately prior to the accident both the plaintiff and the defendant were using a public highway — the former afoot and the latter driving an automobile — in such physical relation to each other as to entitle each to certain rights and to impose upon the other certain corresponding and reciprocal duties and obligations. These facts should have been stated by the court in its decision; also the law applicable thereto.
It is further alleged in the complaint and there was evidence tending to show that the defendant committed certain acts in violation of the primary duty that he owed the plaintiff. These facts should have been stated and the law of negligence applied thereto. Negligence is a mixed question of law and fact. The decision merely recites “ * * * the plaintiff did * * * sustain the injuries complained of * * * by reason of the negligence of the defendant.” The'facts were disputed. For all that the decision discloses the court may have determined that the defendant was guilty of certain acts which did not in law constitute negligence. The facts and the law essential to plaintiff’s recovery should be stated.
On the other hand the defendant under his answer was
Finally as to the refusal of the trial court to make specific findings of fact requested by defendant. There is ho statutory authority therefor in this jurisdiction. The practice, however, is a good one. It may be of assistance to the trial court and should not be discouraged. But complaint of the court for failure to make specific findings as requested can only be taken advantage of under the general assignment of error to the failure of the court to state its “reasons” for its decision. The statute is mandatory and compliance therewith is to be determined by the provisions. of the statute and not by the propriety of the requests.
No error appearing prior to decision, the cause is remanded to the circuit court to render a decision herein “stating its reasons therefor.”