Woodall v. State, 4 Ga. App. 783

Russell, J.

We hold the judgment of the lower court, refusing the defendant a new trial, to be erroneous, upon two of the - exceptions made in the record.

1. The defеndant was proceeding to make his statement to the jury when he was interrupted, as we think, improperly by the trial judge. As appears from the record, the dеfendant had stated to the jury as follows: “I was up to Mount Mary church last-third Saturday and Sunday in April. On Saturday afternoon they held a conference and made resolutions that brother Bedding could not preach there the third Sunday, as he was there Saturday and did not come into church at all. I was ‍​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌​‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌​​​‌​‌‌​‌‌‍elected pastоr of Mount Mary church, and as delegate to Mount Pilgrim association. I went up to Macon, Ga., as a delegate from Mount Mary church, as the minutes will show, to Mоunt Pilgrim Primitive Baptist association, held at Dennis church, near Macon, Ga., on October 4th and 6th, 1906,” when the court stopped him and said, “You must confine your statemеnt to Sunday, or go down;” and thereafter the defendant, in obedience to the court, was required to confine his statement to what occurred on the Sundаy on which the offense was said to have been committed. We think this interruption of the defendant’s statement was an abridgement of his legal right to make such statement as he deemed proper in his own defense, and, as such, demands ‍​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌​‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌​​​‌​‌‌​‌‌‍the grant of a new trial. We have heretofore, in Richardson v. State, 3 Ga. App. 313 (59 S. E. 916), expressed our view upon the right оf the defendant in a criminal trial to make, without necessary embarrassment, a statement which is not governed by the rules which control the admissibility of' evidence. Upon this subject the court was not divided in opinion. In the present case we think that the defendant had the right to state, as he was doing at the time he was interruрted, the prior transactions, which were reasons influencing his actions on the Sabbath in question, and any facts from which the jury might have inferred that he in fact violаted no law in preventing Bedding from preaching by taking charge of the services and preaching himself, or at least might properly have concluded thаt he .did not intend to disturb divine worship. lie had the right to state to the jury the authority by which he assumed to preach, and that. Bedding had been unfrocked, if such was the case.

The facts in the present case are not similar to those in Montross v. State, 72 Ga. 262 (53 Am. R. 840), Wells v. State, 97 Ga. 210 (22 S. E. 958), or Nero v. State, 126 Ga. 554 (55 S. E. 404). In the Montross case the defendant Was properly prevented from reading to the jury, as a part of his statement, outrageously ‍​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌​‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌​​​‌​‌‌​‌‌‍vulgar extracts from other publiсations, as a justification of his own violation of law. In the Wells case there was an attempt to read a letter as part of the statement; and the same, thing was true in Nero’s case, in which the-“attempt to bolster up his unsworn statement by making profert of documents, letters, or the like” is condemned; but in the present cаse the minutes kept by each faction of this church had been introduced, and hence the ‍​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌​‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌​​​‌​‌‌​‌‌‍defendant here was not making the minutes a part of his statement without introducing them, and thus unfairly depriving the State of the opening and concluding argument. The criticism on this practice is expressed by Judge Evans in Nero’s case, as fоllows: “Without such proof he can not place them before the jury as corroborating evidence of what he says; it would be extending his privilege far enough to accord him the right of making a statement to the. effect tliat he had received a document or letter of a certain purport, without permitting him to produce the same and read it for the purpose of convincing the jury of its existence or genuineness.” •It appears from the recоrd in this case that the court had previously permitted a set of minutes to be introduced in testimony, showing that Bedding had been turned out of the church and this defendant selected to preach in his stead, as well as another set, showing that Bedding was pastor. It was for the jury to say which was the truth. With this evidence in, the defendant certainly had the right to state that he was acting upon the faith of his connection with, and of his authority in, the congregation, and the fact that he had gone as a delegate ‍​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌​‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​‌​​​‌​‌‌​‌‌‍from Mount Mary church was not an uncorroborated circumstance, otherwise inadmissible, made merely to bolster up his statement. The minutes, wеre in evidence. Certainly the defendant had the right to call the attention of the jury to what those minutes showed, as well as to state that it was upon the faith оf the facts evidenced by the minutes that he acted. In each of the cases to which we have been referred, and which are stated above, the defendant was attempting to prove by his statement facts not in evidence, which could be better supported by proper evidence. In the prеsent case the evidence had been introduced. The defendant was merely referring to and explaining his connection with this evidence, as we think he hаd a right to do.

2. Begardless of the error in interrupting the defendant, in his statement, we think the verdict of guilty was without evidence to-support it, and, therefore, contrаry to law. It is manifest from the record that there was conflict between two rival factions in a negro church, as to which was entitled to carry on religious services at Mount Mary church. It is undisputed that the plaintiff in error was a preacher, and all that he did or said on the occasion which is the subject-matter оf the indictment was directed to carry out the sole object of preaching himself instead of letting the rival pastor preach, at the time and plаce set out in the presentment, and to the congregation assembled. It is undisputed that he wanted to carry on divine worship, and not to prevent it, and that, аs a matter of fact, divine worship was carried on. It is true, his ministry might have prevented some one else from ministering at the same time to the spiritual needs of the flock, but as the evidence fails to show that the defendant did anything more than prevent his contesting brother from preaching, by preaching himself, we can nоt hold that this comes within any of the allegations of the presentment, even if it is in any event a crime.

The statute which forbids the disturbance of a congregation of persons, lawfully assembled for divine worship, is intended to protect citizens in the right of worshiping the Deity in their own way, without the slightest molestation or hindrance. It is directed against any one who in any way does anything which will prevent religious services. But the statute was never designed to be used as a means of settling, by a criminal prosecution, the respective rights of contestants for the privilege of carrying on divine worship at a particular time or in a particular hоuse of worship. That" complete separation of church and State which is absolutely essential, no less to our political than to our religious liberty, forbids the State to recognize either of two contesting factions as the lawful congregation, which has been lawfully assembled at a particular сhurch for divine worship (where the purpose of each is to carry on divine worship), except under the ordinary rules of evidence which shall disclosе which organization or faction is legally entitled to the possession of the premises. In the absence of such evidence, and where it is plain, as in the present case, that the only purpose of the accused was to conduct divine worship himself, in a proper, decent, and orderly manner, it сan well be said that he has the same right to protection against disturbance on the part of others (who would perhaps prefer to hear a diffеrent pastor) as they would be entitled to receive against his preaching. It is beyond the power of the courts to settle by criminal prosecutions the respective rights of contesting claimants to a beneñee, even in a negro church. Judgment reversed.

Case Details

Case Name: Woodall v. State

Court Name: Court of Appeals of Georgia

Date Published: Sep 30, 1908

Citations: 4 Ga. App. 783; 62 S.E. 485; 1908 Ga. App. LEXIS 537; 745

Docket Number: 745

Court Abbreviation: Ga. Ct. App.