78 Ky. 624 | Ky. Ct. App. | 1880
delivered the opinion of the court.
Appellant, having a claim against appellee, reduced it to judgment in the Christian county. (Kentucky) circuit court,
The judgment having been rendered by an inferior court, presumably without general jurisdiction, will be treated as a foreign judgment. (McElfatrick v. Taft & Son, 10 Bush, 161.) But whether it be treated as a foreign judgment or as the judgment of a court of general jurisdiction rendered in a sister state, and therefore coming within the constitutional provision and the act of Congress in regard to the faith and credit to be given such judgments, is immaterial, as it is now held, both by the state and federal courts, that judgments of either character may be collaterally attacked for want of jurisdiction of the subject-matter or of the person/' regardless of the recitals in the judgment or record. (Wharton on Conflict of Laws, sec. 811; Kerr v. Kerr, 41 N. Y., 272; Hoffman v. Hoffman, 46 N. Y., 30; Thompson v. Whitmore, 18 Wall., 457; and Knowles v. Gas-light and Coke Co., 19 Wall., 59.)
It is now perfectly well settled that the judgment of a court without jurisdiction of both the subject-matter and of the person is absolutely void. It is, in legal effect, no judgment. No rights can be acquired under it, and no rights" -divested by it. Whenever such a judgment is relied upon for any purpose or in any way, the fact of the existence of jurisdiction may be inquired into. The only serious question that has arisen of late years upon this matter is as to whether the judgment could be collaterally inquired into as]] tó the jurisdiction of the person when it recites on its face 1 that there was service of process or personal appearance/ But now even that question is practically at rest. The ■utmost effect of such judgments, containing a proper recital
It is insisted by counsel for appellant that if it be conceded, that such judgments may be questioned for want of jurisdiction, that this case does not come within the exception, because appellee was served with process and had an opportunity to defend.
It appears to us that the fact that appellee was served with process and had an opportunity to defend does not determine the question of the court’s jurisdiction and of the validity of its judgment. It is admitted, that when jurisdiction properly attaches in the sovereignty where the judgment is rendered, the party resisting an enforcement of the judgment will not be permitted to rely upon a defense that (could have been relied upon in. the court rendering the judgment; but in such cases it is always an indispensable prerequisite that the jurisdiction properly attaches, for without it the judgment is a nullity. If the jurisdiction did not attach, there is no known rule of law that required appellee to go into court, or if in court, to tender any defense he might have to the merits of the controversy, or to object to the exercise of jurisdiction by the court. If appellee had Imade defense to the merits of the action, he would by his own act have conferred jurisdiction on the court, and its judgment would have been binding. This he did not choose to do, but stood mute, preferring to appeal for protection to \ the courts of the sovereignty from which he claims to have ubeen fraudulently enticed.
So long as appellee remained within the territorial limits of this state, appellant, by reason of the exemption laws, had no enforceable claim against him, and as he did not willingly submit himself to the jurisdiction of the courts of Tennessee, but was induced by a device on the part of appellant to go within the borders of that state, appellant will not be permitted to take advantage of his own wrong, and thus receive benefits that would not have accrued but for the fraud.
From the special finding of the jury and the evidence •contained in the bill of exceptions, there can be no doubt that the assignment of the claim to Irvin was resorted to in aid of the jurisdiction of the court, and that appellant remained the beneficial owner of the debt, and that the representations by appellant as to the advantages to accrue to appellee by going to Tennessee were not made in good faith to behefit appellee, but for the fraudulent purpose of •getting him within reach of process of the courts of Tennessee.
It is an established principle that a valid act cannot be established by unlawful means, and that legal rights cannot
Judgment affirmed.