320 S.W.2d 807 | Tex. | 1959
Ruby L. WOOD, Petitioner,
v.
Cleveland E. WOOD, Respondent.
Supreme Court of Texas.
*808 Roger W. Crampton, Wichita Falls, for petitioner.
Mitchell & Baxter, Wichita Falls, amicus curiae, Donald E. Short, County Atty., Frank Gibson, Asst. County Atty., Wichita Falls, for respondent.
*809 CULVER, Justice.
The Fort Worth Court of Civil Appeals has certified to us for consideration two questions growing out of a judgment of divorce rendered in favor of the plaintiff, Cleveland E. Wood, on an appeal taken by the defendant wife, Ruby L. Wood.
The first is:
"Does the amendment to Art. 4631, R.C.S. enacted in 1957 by the 55th Legislature, Regular Session [Vernon's Ann.Civ.St. art. 4631], effected May 6, 1957, contravene Art. 3, Sec. 56 of the Constitution of Texas and/or the 14th amendment to the Constitution of the United States?"
The amendment reads as follows:
"Any person serving in a military branch of the United States who was not previously a citizen of the State of Texas and who at the time of filing a petition for divorce has been stationed in a military installation or installations in the State of Texas for a continuous period of twelve (12) months next and in the county where the suit is filed for a continuous period of six (6) months next preceding the filing of same, shall for the purposes hereof be deemed to be an actual bona fide inhabitant and resident respectively of the State of Texas and of the county where such military installation is located.
"Sec. 2. The fact that many persons serving in the military service in Texas are presently unable to acquire residence for purposes of divorce creates an emergency and an imperative public necessity that the Constitutional Rule requiring bills to be read on three several days in each House be suspended, and this Rule is hereby suspended, and that this Act take effect and be in force from and after its passage, and it is so enacted." Approved and effective May 6, 1957.
We answer the foregoing question in the negative and approve what is said in respect thereto in the submitted tentative opinion.
Appellant contends that the amendment constitutes a local or special law in violation of the constitutional inhibition.
Article 3, Section 56 of our State Constitution, Vernon's Ann.St. reads: "The Legislature shall not, except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, pass any local or special law, authorizing" among other actions, "granting divorces." This amendment cannot be regarded as a local law because it has universal application throughout the State of Texas, including, as it does, all who can qualify as members of the prescribed class. It is not a special act within the contemplation of the constitutional prohibition for the Legislature possesses broad power to make classifications for legislative purposes and to pass laws in application thereto. So long as there is a substantial basis for the classification and it is not unreasonable, arbitrary or capricious, the Legislature acts within the legitimate scope of its authority. Mumme v. Marrs, 120 Tex. 383, 40 S.W.2d 31; Miller v. El Paso County, 136 Tex. 370, 150 S.W.2d 1000; Fort Worth & D. C. R. Co. v. Welch, Tex.Civ.App., 183 S.W.2d 730, er. ref.
The classification authorized by this amendment is by no means arbitrary or unreasonable. In this enactment the Legislature has merely faced up to the realities of the times, conditions and circumstances. As pointed out by the Court of Civil Appeals, members of the national armed forces are stationed at many military installations throughout the state for indefinite periods of time. Their movements are restricted and they come and go at the will of the military command. A great many of these serve in the professional military establishment and can hardly be said to have a domicil anywhere, in the technical sense of the word, other than the one of origin. *810 The Legislature has frankly recognized their plight under the hard and fast timeaccepted domicil rule. The solution of their marital problems is one of general interest. While not citizens of Texas in a legal sense nevertheless they are an important segment of the residential population. Other states have heretofore dealt with this situation by the adoption of similar legislation, notably Kansas, New Mexico, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Georgia and possibly others. These statutes have been construed and upheld against similar constitutional attack. Craig v. Craig, 1936, 143 Kan. 624, 56 P.2d 464; Schaeffer v. Schaeffer, 1954, 175 Kan. 629, 266 P.2d 282; Crownover v. Crownover, 1954, 58 N.M. 597, 274 P.2d 127; Wallace v. Wallace, 1958, 63 N.M. 414, 320 P.2d 1020; Wilson v. Wilson, 58 N.M. 411, 272 P.2d 319. Search has not revealed any contrary result reached except in Georgia where the act was held invalid on a narrow constitutional ground not to be found in our state constitution. Darbie v. Darbie, 195 Ga. 769, 25 S.E.2d 685.
What is contemplated actually by the constitutional inhibition against any special law anent the granting of divorces, we think, is a ban on legislative authority to grant that relief to individuals by a special act. The power of the Legislature to grant divorces absent constitutional restriction, has been recognized generally and formerly in some of the states was not uncommonly exercised. 27 C.J.S. Divorce § 5.
Appellant asserts that domicil within the state, as distinguished from residence, is a prerequisite to the maintenance of an action for divorce. She points to no such constitutional mandate, but quotes Restatement Conflicts of Laws, Sec. 111, as follows: "A state cannot exercise through its courts jurisdiction to dissolve a marriage when neither spouse is domiciled within the state." While this statement is supported by ample authority and reflects the traditional approach to this problem, it by no means can be taken literally especially so far as the validity of the divorce is concerned within the state where jurisdiction is asserted. For example, in New York the right of non-residents to prosecute suits for divorce where the parties were married in that state has been upheld. David-Zieseniss v. Zieseniss, 205 Misc. 836, 838, 129 N.Y.S.2d 649.
In Arkansas the statute only requires proof of "actual residence" for a period of three months before final judgment, Ark. Stats. § 34-1208. The validity of the statute has been upheld by the courts of that state and construed to authorize the granting of a divorce even though the plaintiff has no intention of making Arkansas his permanent residence and establishing a domicil in that state. Actually only physical presence for the period of time is necessary. Squire v. Squire, 186 Ark. 511, 54 S.W.2d 281; Carlson v. Carlson, 198 Ark. 231, 128 S.W.2d 242; Brickey v. Brickey, 205 Ark. 373, 168 S.W.2d 845.
Really the point does not extend to or affect the internal validity of the divorce, but goes rather to the question of full "faith and credit" to be given by other jurisdictions.
"The right to apply for or obtain a divorce is not a natural one, but is accorded only by reason of statute, and the state has the right to determine who are entitled to use its courts for that purpose and upon what conditions they may do so." 17 Am.Jur., Divorce and Separation, Sec. 8.
The Constitution of the United States confers no power at all upon the United States government to regulate marriage or its dissolution within the several states. Andrews v. Andrews, 188 U.S. 14, 23 S. Ct. 237, 47 L. Ed. 366.
The United States Supreme Court has never held that a divorce decree has no internal validity unless it is entitled to full faith and credit elsewhere. Wallace v. *811 Wallace, supra. Moreover, so far as the rights of this appellant are concerned having answered and contested the issue of jurisdiction she would be barred from attacking the decree collaterally in any other forum. Cook v. Cook, 342 U.S. 126, 72 S. Ct. 157, 96 L. Ed. 146.
The true basis of the result reached by the United States Supreme Court in the two cases of Williams v. State of North Carolina,[1] seems to be that by the terms of the divorce statute of that state the Nevada courts acquire jurisdiction only of its domiciliaries and, in the absence of the fact of a bona fide domicil, the divorce decree is not valid in Nevada, much less is it entitled to recognition elsewhere. This decision is in full accord with the construction given to the statute by the courts of that state. Latterner v. Latterner, 51 Nev. 285, 274 P. 194; Lamb v. Lamb, 57 Nev. 421, 65 P.2d 872.
The second Williams case does say that "under our system of law, judicial power to grant a divorcejurisdiction, strictly speakingis founded on domicil," This, for the reason, observes the court, that "domicil implies a nexus between person and place of such permanence as to control the creation of legal relations and responsibilities of the utmost significance. The domicil of one spouse within a State gives power to that State, we have held, to dissolve a marriage wheresoever contracted." North Carolina was thus permitted to inquire in a collateral proceeding as to the fact issue necessary to give jurisdiction to the Nevada courts, to determine whether the litigant was acting in good faith or whether the domiciliary claim was a pretense and a sham. But granting that no state can assert a legitimate jurisdictional concern over the marital problems of one spouse airplaning to that state on a roundtrip ticket for the purpose of obtaining a divorce with no intent other than to return to his home as soon as the mission is accomplished, yet that falls short of saying that domicil in a strict sense of the term is the "sine qua non" of jurisdiction.
The State of Texas is hardly less concerned with the domestic relations of persons required to live in this state indefinitely under military orders, oftentimes for a period of years, with the protection and support of their children and their property interests, and the adjustment of their marital responsibilities at stake than it is with the similar problems of those who have acquired a domicil here in the orthodox sense. In many cases, if not in the majority, the courts of this state only can deal adequately with these problems and afford appropriate relief.
Much of the confusion has arisen on account of the divorce granted "while-you-wait" type of short residence period statutes that lead courts in other states to refuse "full faith and credit," being fully aware of the subterfuge oftentimes employed. The amendment before us is not one that is suspect on that ground or lends itself to the quick and easy method attractive to divorce-minded people from other jurisdictions.
The problem of full faith and credit has been discussed in the New Mexico and Kansas cases, supra, and particularly in the exhaustive concurring opinion in Crownover v. Crownover, and while not vital to a decision of the question before us, we entertain little doubt but that a divorce judgment rendered in conformity with this amendment will be recognized elsewhere.
The appellant invokes Section 1 of the 14th amendment to the Constitution of the United States in that she says the amendment to Art. 4631 does not extend the rights and privileges to the spouse of the person in the military service and thus denies, in this case to the wife, the equal protection of the law. It may be noted *812 that this point is not ruled upon in the decisions which have upheld similar statutes for obvious reasons. In Kansas the statute, G.S.1949, 60-1502 includes "any person who has been a resident of any United States post or military reservation" while New Mexico statutes, 1953 Comp. § 22-7-4 makes special provision for the wife to the end that she may institute such action provided that her husband is qualified so far as residency is concerned, to institute a similar action.
We do not agree that there is any denial of equal protection under this amendment. The general rule is that a wife's domicil follows that of her husband and before separation she may not acquire one of her own apart from him, though she is free to choose her own domicil thereafter. 28 C.J.S. Domicile § 12; Postle v. Postle, Tex.Civ.App., 280 S.W.2d 633; Worden v. Worden, 148 Tex. 356, 224 S.W.2d 187.
It would be quite out of keeping with the fitness of things and entirely contrary to the spirit and intent of our divorce statutes were the amendment to be construed as not applying as well to the wife where she had resided with her husband for the statutory length of time in this state. We think the settled law in this and other jurisdictions to the effect that her domicil is that of her husband would be sufficient to embrace her within the terms of the statute, all other considerations aside.
In this case the appellant had never lived in Texas with her husband, but on the contrary the separation had taken place before the husband had been ordered by the military authorities to this state. She had returned to West Virginia, the state of her original domicil, where she was residing at the time of the institution of this suit.
The second question is as follows:
"In so far as it purports to authorize Wichita County, Texas, to collect as costs, other than and in addition to the costs otherwise collectible, the amount of $5.00 in each divorce case filed in any District Court in Wichita County after the date on which it was provided to become effective, does Sec. 10 of Art. 5142a-2, R.C.S., (enacted in 1957 by the 55th Legislature, Regular Session) contravene Art. 3, Sec. 56 of the Constitution of Texas?"
It is our view that the constitutionality of this section has not been properly raised either in the trial court or in the Court of Civil Appeals and therefore we decline to answer the question.
The judgment of the trial court granting this divorce concluded thus:
"It is further ordered, adjudged and decreed that plaintiff, Cleveland E. Wood, do have and recover from the defendant, Ruby L. Wood, all costs to be taxed against the defendant, including the sum of $5.00 provided by Chap. 408 [405], H.B. No. 930, Art. 5142a-2, Vernon's Ann.Civ.Stat. for maintaining the Wichita County child support office."
This specific inclusion of the $5 assessment as an item of costs is surplus and immaterial. The province of the court is to adjudge all the costs, whatever they may be, against the losing party, or for good cause shown to adjudge the costs otherwise. Rules 131 and 141, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, Civil Procedure Rule 622 provides that the Clerk of the court "shall tax the costs in every case in which a final judgment has been rendered and shall issue execution to enforce such judgment and collect such costs."
In her motion for new trial the appellant did complain of the taxation against her of this $5 charge for the reason that it was in violation of Art. 3, Sec. 56, Texas Constitution, but asserted that as a ground solely for setting aside the judgment and for a new trial. No motion in *813 the trial court was made to retax the costs. Even if that item was not validly charged the recital of it in the judgment was not and could not be such an error as would warrant a setting aside of the divorce judgment and the granting of a new trial.
In the Court of Civil Appeals for the first time she moved to have the costs retaxed. Her point in that court was that the trial court erred in holding that Section 10 of the article is valid and constitutional. We think that the judgment rendered by the trial court is not subject to that construction.
The mention of the $5 charge as an item of costs actually had no more effect, so far as its legality is concerned, than if the reference to that charge had been omitted and the clause had merely read "all costs to be taxed against the defendant." If the decree had been so framed the only way that the matter could have been brought to the attention of the court at all was by motion to retax the costs on the theory that the clerk had included an illegal charge in the cost bill.
Motion to retax costs should be filed in the court where the costs accrued. The taxing of costs is not an adjudication by the court of the correctness of the items taxed by the clerk. It is the ministerial act of the clerk. If erroneous it may be corrected by the court upon motion filed for that purpose. Reaugh v. McCollum Exploration Co., 140 Tex. 322, 167 S.W.2d 727. In George v. Thompson, Tex. Civ.App., 211 S.W. 835, the plaintiff in error did not move to retax the costs, but his motion for a new trial alleged error in that respect and the court overruled it as a ground for a new trial. The court offered to consider a motion to retax the costs, but that offer was declined. The Court of Civil Appeals properly held that inasmuch as the trial court did not consider the assignment except as a basis for a new trial the matter was not properly raised on appeal. See also Bridges v. Samuelson, 73 Tex. 522, 11 S.W. 539; Clark v. Adams, 80 Tex. 674, 16 S.W. 552; Dupont v. Texas & N. O. R. Co., Tex.Civ.App., 158 S.W. 195, er. ref., and Flenniken v. Foote, Tex.Civ.App., 270 S.W. 903, er. dism.
The appellant does not assert that she has paid this item of costs or that execution has been levied or any other action taken to enforce collection from her. The legality of the charge may be contested by her when a proper demand has been made for payment. She still has her remedy. Reaugh v. McCollum Exploration Co., supra.
Although this distinction may seem to be refined and hypercritical, nonetheless it is a rule of general application that the constitutionality of a statute will be considered only when the question is properly raised and a decision becomes necessary and appropriate to the disposal of the case and no statute should be overruled without careful and mature consideration. Chapman v. Guaranty State Bank, Tex.Civ.App., 267 S.W. 690, adopted 1927; Gohlman v. Whittle, 115 Tex. 9, 273 S.W. 806.
It is to be observed here that in so far as this constitutional question is concerned, the parties were not adverse to each other. The appellant claimed that the section was unconstitutional. The appellee conceded the point and agreed. It was only by invitation of the Court of Civil Appeals that a representative of the affected county appeared as an amicus curiae in opposition. We further point out that neither appellant nor appellee have cited us to a single authority supporting their contention.
The question of the constitutionality of Section 10 not having been properly raised or briefed either in the Court of Civil Appeals or in this court, it is thus immaterial to a decision of the case. Moreland v. Hawley Independent School Dist., 140 Tex. 391, 168 S.W.2d 660; Uvalde Rock Asphalt Co. v. Hightower, 135 Tex. 410, 144 S.W.2d 533 and Owens v. Tedford, 114 Tex. 390, 269 S.W. 418.
*814 The answer to the first question is "no" and the certification of the second question will be dismissed.
HAMILTON, J., not sitting.
Opinion delivered.
NOTES
[1] 317 U.S. 287, 63 S. Ct. 207, 87 L. Ed. 279, 143 A.L.R. 1273, and 325 U.S. 226, 65 S. Ct. 1092, 1095, 89 L. Ed. 1577, 157 A.L.R. 1366.
