13 Vt. 42 | Vt. | 1841
The opinion of the court was delivered by
It is now too well settled to be again brought in question, that, where one of the counts in a declaration is defective, and the verdict general, judgment will be arrested. Haselton v. Weare, 8 Vt R. 480.
Lord Mansfield expressed regret, that such a rule had been established, Peake v. Oldham, 1 Cowper, 275. Grant v. Astle, Doug. 722; and in Connecticut and South Carolina, the courts have departed from the rule. Wolcott v. Coleman, 2 Conn. 324. Neal v. Lewis, 2 Bay, 204. In Virginia the legislature have interfered to abolish the rule. If the mere form of judicial proceedure is ever to be changed by the legislature, this might be deemed a just occasion.
There are, in the present case, proper introductory aver-ments of a court, cause pending, issue joined, and that plaintiff gave testimony, and a colloquium of the testimony so given by plaintiff, or that the words were spoken of and concerning the plaintiff and his testimony so given. This is true of all the counts, except the last, which is a direct charge of the crime of perjury, and requires no colloquium or innuendo. Hopkins v. Beedle, 1 Caines’ Rep. 347. 2 Ib. 91.
We consider the fifth count good. The words are, you, (meaning Nichols, and Wood the plaintiff,) both swore false, and they (meaning the same persons) knew it. These words, taken with reference to the introductory averments and the colloquium, do necessarily imply a charge of perjury. The court cannot, without a forced construction, suppose the testimony was given upon an immaterial point, which seerns to be almost the only' mode of escaping the inference, that perjury had been committed by the plaintiff. This point has been, in effect, repeatly decided. Holt vs. Scholefield, 6 Term R. 691. Pelton v. Ward, 3 Caines’ R. 73.
But the third count seems to us to be more defective. The words are, after the proper averments and colloquium, “ he, (meaning the plaintiff) has swore false.” There is no innuendo connecting the words with the precedent averments and defining in what sense the defendant used them, how he was in fact understood by others, or how he intended to be un
In the case of Hawkes v. Hawkey, 8 East, 427, the declaration did contain the introductory averments, except that the words were spoken of and concerning the testimony so given by plaintiff, and the judgment was arrested for that defect, notwithstanding the proper innuendo. Since the time of Bhffiam’s case, 4 Coke’s Rep. 20, it has uniformly been held, that the innuendo, without the antecedent aver-ments and the colloquium, will not avail to extend the natural import of the terms.' There are some of the cases, and especially those decided while the courts adhered to the interpretation of the words, in mitiori sensu, which seem in effect to deny all use to an innuendo. James’ case, 4 Coke’s R. 17, is of this character. But since it has been settled, that in actions of slander, courts of law are to understand words as the rest of mankind do, and that a man cannot “ slander in one sense, and defend himself in another sense of the same words,” the proper office of an innuendo is to determine in what sense the words arc used, and this usually, perhaps always, with reference to some antecedent al
This subject might be further illustrated by the cases where slander has been alleged to have been communicated in a foreign language. It must there be averred that the persons to whom it was addressed understood the language, and also what is the import of the words used, all which aver-ments are to be proved to the jury under the general issue-The same is true where slander is alleged to have been conveyed in cant or flash language, as it is termed among the initiated. This is a kind of dialect invented by desperadoes and idlers in order to communicate with each other in secrecy. To say of one, that he had a “ boodle,” which he intended to distribute, might be slander, or not, as the word boodle was used to signify a bundle of counterfeit money, or a bundle of idle gossip, or any other false and simulated matter. If this verdict had passed upon the general issue alone, judgment must have been arrested.
But, when a case comes here on exceptions, the entire record is before this court, and it is our duty to look into that record. We there find that the defendant pleaded in bar the'