311 S.E.2d 686 | N.C. Ct. App. | 1984
Douglas WOHLFAHRT and wife, Lynn Wohlfahrt
v.
Larry G. SCHNEIDER, M.D.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
*687 Elton G. Tucker, Wilmington, for plaintiffs-appellees.
Murchison, Taylor & Shell by Joseph O. Taylor, Jr., Wilmington, for defendant-appellant.
PHILLIPS, Judge.
Defendant's appeal challenges the power of our courts to exercise in personam jurisdiction over him in this action. When a non-resident defendant contests in personam jurisdiction, a two step process is required. Dillon v. Numismatic Funding Corp., 291 N.C. 674, 231 S.E.2d 629 (1977). The first step is to determine whether a statute authorizes the exercise of jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant under the circumstances involved. In this instance, there is statutory authority for the exercise of personal jurisdiction over the non-resident defendant. G.S. 1-75.4(5) confers jurisdiction to our courts in any action which
....
c. Arises out of a promise, made anywhere to the plaintiff or to some third party for the plaintiff's benefit, by the defendant to deliver or receive within this State, or to ship from this State goods, documents of title, or other things of value....
Obviously, money is a thing of value, and defendant's promise in the note to make payments to plaintiff in Wilmington, North Carolina was clearly a promise to deliver a thing of value within this state, and thus within the purview of the statute. Pope v. Pope, 38 N.C.App. 328, 248 S.E.2d 260 (1978). The second step is to determine whether permitting the non-resident defendant to be sued in the particular case violates due process of law, as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States. "This is the crucial inquiry and the ultimate determinative factor in assessing whether jurisdiction may be asserted under the *688 `long-arm' statute." Phoenix America Corp. v. Brissey, 46 N.C.App. 527, 530, 265 S.E.2d 476, 479 (1980). In our opinion this suit against the defendant meets the requirements of due process, and the order appealed from is affirmed.
In determining whether a suit against a non-resident defendant meets due process, we have few principles and no reliable rules of thumb to guide us. Before a non-resident defendant can be subjected to in personam jurisdiction, however, it is necessary that he have had at least minimum contact with the forum state theretofore. International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 66 S. Ct. 154, 90 L. Ed. 95 (1945). The nature of the necessary contact has not been clearly defined as yet, but the importance of its relationship to the suit has been stressed. "[T]he relationship among the defendant, the forum, and the litigation [is the] central concern of the inquiry into personal jurisdiction." Shaffer v. Heitner, 433 U.S. 186, 204, 97 S. Ct. 2569, 2580, 53 L. Ed. 2d 683, 698 (1977). A single contact that has a substantial connection with the forum state can be sufficient. McGee v. International Life Insurance Co., 355 U.S. 220, 78 S. Ct. 199, 2 L. Ed. 2d 223 (1957). In the last analysis, however, as has been held in each of the foregoing decisions and many others by the Supreme Court of the United States, as well as by our own Supreme Court in Farmer v. Ferris, 260 N.C. 619, 133 S.E.2d 492 (1963), due process depends upon whether it is fair and reasonable to require a non-resident defendant to litigate the particular case involved in the forum state. Requiring the defendant to litigate his obligation under the note here seems entirely fair to us. He is the one that promised to make the note payments here, and in doing so he must have anticipated that here is where he would be sued if the payments were not made. Thus, the suit will be permitted to go forward.
Defendant cites Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 78 S. Ct. 1228, 2 L. Ed. 2d 1283 (1958) for the proposition that making payments in the forum state by itself is an insufficient contact to justify a state exercising jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant. But the circumstances in that case are materially different from the circumstances of this case, and in our judgment that case has no application to this one. In Hanson, the only contact that the defendant trustee, a Delaware resident, had with Florida, the forum state, was remitting trust income to the plaintiff settlor who moved there after the trust had been set up and was operating; whereas, in this case, as has been stated, defendant contracted to make the payments here from the outset.
Affirmed.
WEBB and EAGLES, JJ., concur.