OPINION
Randall Dickison, individually and as personal representative of the Estate of Gregory Dickison ("the Estate"), filed a complaint in Clay Superior Court against Witmat Development Corporation ("Wit-mat") alleging that Witmat negligently failed to warn of a water-filled strip pit adjacent to a public highway, which pit is located on Witmat's property. Witmat moved for summary judgment arguing that it owed no duty to Gregory Dickison ("Dickison"), or in the alternative, that Dickison's own negligence was the cause of the accident that resulted in his death. The trial court denied Witmat's motion for summary judgment. Witmat appeals and raises three arguments, but we address only the following dispositive issue:
Facts and Procedural History
On May 25, 2003, at approximately 4:80 a.m., eighteen-year-old Dickison was traveling westbound on County Road 100 North, in Clay County, Indiana, when his vehicle veered off the north side of the road. The "vehicle struck a small tree and continued to travel approximately 230 feet
The Estate filed a complaint against Witmat under the Wrongful Death Statute alleging that Witmat negligently failed to warn of the water-filled strip pit adjacent to the public roadway. Witmat moved for summary judgment and argued that it owed no duty to Dickison, or in the alternative, that Dickison's own negligence was the cause of his death.
In response to Witmat's motion, the Estate submitted the affidavit of John Bis-choff, a certified accident reconstructionist, which provides in pertinent part:
13. [County Road] 1400N extends west from the intersection immediately preceding the site where the Decedent's vehicle left the roadway and entered the strip pit at other than a 90 degree angle. On approach to the intersection from the east the road rises. I traveled through the intersection at a reasonable speed during daylight hours. As I came through the intersection, I suddenly became aware that the driver's side of my vehicle was in line with a telephone pole on the south side of the road which required appropriate steering correction. An overcorrection would more than likely have resulted in my vehicle leaving the right side of the road and ending up in the strip pit that the Decedent drowned in.
14. It is my opinion that it would be reasonable that someone traveling CR 1400N could, under certain conditions such as described above, overcorrect their vehicle and travel along a trajectory, like the Decedent's vehicle, and into the strip pit located on the property of Witmat Development Corp.
15. The Defendant, Witmat Development Corp., had failed to erect any fences, barriers, or other protection from the strip pit in the advent a vehicle would deviate from CR 1400N in the direction of the strip pit located on the property of Witmat Development Corp.
Id. at 329. Witmat moved to strike Bis-choff's affidavit.
On December 21, 2007, the trial court held a hearing on Witmat's motions. On January 29, 2008, the court denied Wit-mat's motion to strike and its motion for summary judgment. On Witmat's motion, the trial court entered an order certifying its judgment for interlocutory appeal. Our court accepted jurisdiction of this appeal on April 17, 2008. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.
Standard of Review
The purpose of summary judgment is to terminate litigation about which there can be no dispute and which may be determined as a matter of law. Swift v. Speedway Superamerica, LLC,
Discussion and Decision
To prevail on a theory of negli-genee, the Estate must prove that 1) Wit-mat owed a duty to Dickison; 2) Witmat breached that duty; and 3) Dickison's death was proximately caused by the breach. See Winchell v. Guy,
Because we are presented with a case in which the question of duty has not been established, we balance the following factors established in Webb v. Jarvis,
"The public right of passage in a road carries with it the obligation upon occupiers of adjacent land to use reasonable care not to endanger such passage by excavations or other hazards so close to the road as to make it unsafe to persons using the road with ordinary care." Ind. Limestone Co. v. Staggs,
Our courts' holdings are consistent with Section 368 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts (1965), which provides:
§ 368. Conditions Dangerous to Travy-elers On Adjacent Highway
A possessor of land who creates or permits to remain thereon an excavation or other artificial condition so near an existing highway that he realizes or should realize that it involves an unreasonable risk to others accidentally brought into contact with such condition while traveling with reasonable care upon the highway, is subject to liability for physical harm thereby caused to persons who
(a) are traveling on the highway, or
*174 (b) foreseeably deviate from it in the ordinary course of travel.
(emphasis added). Therefore, "the risk posed by an excavation on property adjacent to a public way might, in some situations, create a relation sufficient to give rise to a tort duty to guard against foreseeable injuries to persons exercising due care." Staggs,
In Staggs, the decedent was driving her vehicle on a road with a downhill grade that curved sharply to the left around a quarry owned by Indiana Limestone. On the date of the accident, there were icy spots on the road near the quarry. The decedent lost control of her vehicle and veered towards the inside of the curve. Her car crossed the center line and traveled forty-two feet in the opposite lane. The vehicle then left the roadway and traveled another 156 feet before striking an embankment at the edge of the quarry. The vehicle then fell thirty feet into the quarry and became submerged twenty-five feet underwater.
On appeal of the denial of its motion for summary judgment, Indiana Limestone argued that it had no relationship with the decedent, and therefore owed no duty to the decedent. - Our court held that "Indiana Limestone had a common law relationship with the decedent if she was traveling with reasonable care, if she had a right to be on the road, and if users of the road were within the 'range of apprehension' of the risk posed by the quarry." Id. at 1381 (emphasis added). Ultimately, we concluded that summary judgment was inappropriate on the issue of whether the parties had a relationship that could give rise to a duty because a genuine issue of material fact existed as to whether the decedent was exercising the required degree of care in her use of the roadway at the time of the accident. Id. at 1382.
In this ease, in support of its motion for summary judgment, Witmat designated the following evidence: 1) Dickison left a party at approximately 4:00 am. on the date of the accident; 2) he still had his seatbelt on when he was found in the submerged vehicle; 3) there was an empty bottle of vodka in the vehicle; 4) Dicki-son's autopsy revealed that his blood alcohol was 0.172 to 0.204 at the time of his death; and 5) Dickison's cause of death was drowning. Appellant's App. pp. 89-90, 96, 99. Furthermore, Witmat designated an affidavit from Forensic Pathologist Roland Kohr, who stated, "[the two (2) day length of time between the deceased's death and the autopsy had no significant effect on the blood alcohol level from his death until the performance of the autopsy. The body was in a state of good preservation with no evidence of putrefactive changes." Id. at 100. Dicki-son's "level of intoxication would greatly affect and reduce or diminish his ability to drive safely upon the road[.]" Id.
State Trooper Chris Carter, who has multiple certifications in accident reconstruction, described the accident as follows:
From my observations at the accident seene, it appeared that approximately one-half (1/2) of Gregory Seott Dicki-son's vehicle left the road for some distance, sideswiped several trees, then continued to travel some distance before the remaining one-half (1/2) of the vehicle left the road and continued to travel some distance before entering the water on the adjacent property.
Id. at 404. Witmat also designated the affidavit of Clay County Highway Supervisor Harry Foster, who stated that Dicki-son's accident was the first accident in this area where "a vehicle left the roadway and entered the body of water on the north side of the road." Id. at 35. Further,
To summarize, Dickison, who was operating a motor vehicle with a blood alcohol level of more than two times the legal limit,
With regard to the section of County Road 1400 North at issue in this case and Witmat's adjacent property, the Estate designated the affidavit of Accident Recon-structionist John Bischoff, who averred:
On approach to the intersection from the east the road rises. I traveled through the intersection at a reasonable speed during daylight hours. As I came through the intersection, I suddenly became aware that the driver's side of my vehicle was in line with a telephone pole on the south side of the road which required appropriate steering correction. An overcorrection would more than likely have resulted in my vehicle leaving the right side of the road and ending up in the strip pit that the Decedent drowned in.
Id. at 329. However, the Estate failed to designate any evidence that the accident occurred because Dickison overcorrected his vehicle. Moreover, the police report and Trooper Carter's report do not support that hypothesis. Those reports indicate that Dickison's vehicle only partially left the roadway initially and traveled a significant distance before the vehicle left the roadway entirely. Id. at 408.
This evidence leads us to one conclusion: that Witmat owed no duty to Dickison because Dickison, whose blood alcohol was 0.172 to 0.204 at the time of his death, was not traveling the roadway with reasonable care
For all of these reasons, we conclude that the trial court erred when it denied Witmat's motion for summary judgment.
Reversed.
Notes
. - Witmat also raises the following issues in its brief: 1) whether Witmat is entitled to judgment under the Comparative Fault Act, and 2) whether the trial court abused its discretion when it denied Witmat's motion to strike John Bischoff's affidavit. Because we conclude that Witmat owed no duty to Dickison, we do not address these remaining issues.
. See Ind.Code § 9-30-5-1 (2004).
. In Williams v. Crist,