127 F. 530 | 8th Cir. | 1903
after stating the case as above, delivered the opinion of the court.
No error was committed in admitting in evidence the May and August vouchers and the Villa Park postal card. They were forgeries, equally with the indorsement upon the May check, because all were written after the death of the pensioner. The evidence tended to show that these forgeries, and the uttering of the forged indorsement, were connected acts in a single scheme to defraud, perpetrated by the defendant. The vouchers and the postal card were therefore admissible, not to show other offenses distinct from those for which he was upon trial, but to prove the guilty intent and knowledge with which the principal acts charged were done. United States v. Doebler, 25 Fed. Cas. 883, No. 14,977; Bottomley v. United States, 3 Fed. Cas. 969, No. 1,688; United States v. Hinman, 26 Fed. Cas. 324, No. 15,370; United States v. Roudenbush, 27 Fed. Cas. 902, No. 16,198; Commonwealth v. White, 145 Mass. 392, 14 N. E. 611; State v. Rose, 70 Minn. 403, 73 N. W. 177; State v. Hodges, 144 Mo. 50, 45 S. W. 1093; People v. Everhardt, 104 N. Y. 591, 11 N. E. 62; Cohen v. People, 7 Colo. 274, 3 Pac. 385; People v. Frank, 28 Cal. 507, 515.
Much attention has been given in the briefs and oral argument to the court’s rulings in admitting in evidence claimed standards of defendant’s handwriting, not otherwise relevant to the issues, and in permitting an expert in handwriting, not acquainted with that of defendant, to compare the disputed writings with these standards, and to state whether, in his opinion, they' were written by the same hand. This is a subject upon which there is much contrariety of opinion among the courts. In England and several of the states of the Union, statutes have been adopted expressly permitting comparison of a disputed writing with any writing proved to the satisfaction of the court to be genuine, and permitting such writings, and the testimony of witnesses respecting the same, to be submitted to the court and jury as evidence of the genuineness or otherwise of the writing in dispute. Colorado has such a statute, enacted April 3, 1893 (3 Mills’ Ann. St. Colo. § 1746c); but Withaup was tried for an offense, not against the state of Colorado, but against the United States, and there is no congressional enactment of this character. The states are without power to prescribe or change the rules of evidence in trials for offenses against the United States, and there is no act of Congress which makes the statutes of the several states, upon this subject, as enacted and changed from time to time, applicable to trials for these offenses. In
“But neither of these acts makes any express provision concerning the mode of conducting the trial after the jury are sworn. They do not prescribe any rule by which it is to be conducted, nor the testimony by which the guilt or innocence of the party is to be determined. Yet, as the courts of the United States were then organized, and clothed with jurisdiction in criminal cases, it is obvious that some certain and established rule upon this subject was necessary to enable the courts to administer the criminal jurisprudence -of the United States. And it is equally obvious that it must have been the intention of Oongross to refer them to some known and established rule, which was supposed to be so familiar and well understood in the trial by jury that legislation upon the subject would be deemed superfluous. This is necessarily to be Implied from what these acts of Congress omit, as well as from what they conta in.
“But this could not be the common law as it existed at the time of the emigration of the colonists, for the Constitution had carefully abrogated one of its most important provisions in relation to testimony which the accused might offer. It could not be the rule which at that time prevailed in England, for England was then a foreign country, and her laws foreign laws. And the only known rule upon the subject which can be supposed to have been in the minds of the men who framed these acts of Congress was that which was then in force in the respective states, and which they were accustomed to see in daily and familiar practice in the state courts. And this view of the subject is confirmed by the provisions in the act of 1789, which refers its courts and officers to the laws of the respective states for the qualifications of jurors and the mode of selecting them. And as the courts of the United States were in these respects to he governed by the laws of the several states, it would seem necessarily to follow that the same principles were to prevail throughout the trial, and that they were to be governed in like manner, in the ulterior proceedings after the jury was sworn, where there was no law of Congress to the contrary.
“The courts of the United States have uniformly acted upon this construction of these acts of Congress, and it has thus been sanctioned by a,practice of sixty years. They refer undoubtedly to English works and English decisions. Eor the law of evidence in this country, like our other laws, being founded upon the ancient common law of England, the decisions of its courts show what is our own common law upon the subject where it has not been changed by statute or usage. But the rules of evidence in criminal eases are the rules which were in force in the respective states when the judiciary act of 1789 was passed. Congress may certainly change it whenever they think proper, within the limits prescribed by the Constitution. But no law of a state made since 1789 can affect the mode of proceeding or the rules of evidence in criminal cases.”
The territory embraced in the state of Colorado had not been acquired by the United States in 1789 or 1790, and was not admitted into the Union as a state until 1876. So there are here no known and established local rules in force in 1789 or 1790 which could have been contemplated by Congress when the judiciary and crimes acts were passed. When, however, Colorado was admitted into the Union as a state, it had known and established rules concerning evidence in criminal cases. An act of the territory of Colorado passed November 5, 1861, and in
The four papers purporting to be signed by the defendant, and to be part of the files of some former case in the trial court, to which the defendant was a party, should not have been received in evidence or used as standards of comparison. They were not themselves proof of their genuineness, and they were not at the trial admitted or proved to he part of the files of the court, or to have been signed by the defendant. Even if part of the files of some former case, they may not have been received or acted upon in that case under circumstances which amounted to a declaration of their genuineness by the defendant. They may have been repudiated hv him in that case, or action upon them may have been refused by the court because they were not genuine. A court does not, in the trial of one case, take judicial notice of proceedings had in other cases, even though shown by its own records. Baker v. Mygatt, 14 Iowa, 131; Bond v. White, 24 Kan. 45, 48; Thayer v. Honeywell, 7 Kan. App. 548, 51 Pac. 929; Grace v. Ballou, 4 S. D. 333, 336, 56 N. W. 1075; Gibson v. Buckner, 65 Ark. 84, 44
The two recognizances executed by the defendant in the case on trial are upon a different footing. While judicial knowledge does not extend to the record or proceedings in former or other cases, it does extend to the record and proceedings in the case on trial. State v. Bowen, 16 Kan. 475, 477; State v. Stevens, 56 Kan. 720, 723, 44 Pac. 992; State v. Schilling, 14 Iowa, 455, 459; Kenosha Stove Co. v. Shedd, 82 Iowa, 540, 544, 48 N. W. 933; Searls v. Knapp, 5 S. D. 325, 58 N. W. 807, 49 Am. St. Rep. 873; State v. Ulrich, 110 Mo. 350, 355) 19 S. W. 656; Johnson v. State, 29 Ark. 31, 34, 21 Am. Rep. 154 Hollenbach v. Schnabel, 101 Cal. 312, 35 Pac. 872, 40 Am. St. Rep. 57. In Medway’s Case, 6 Ct. Cl. 421, and in Blewett’s Case, 10 Ct. Cl. 235, the Court of Claims compared a disputed writing- with claimant’s signature to his petition; and in Moore v. United States, 91 U. S. 270, 23 L. Ed. 346, the Supreme Court sustained the action of the Court of Claims in comparing a disputed writing with the power of attorney given bv the claimant, under the following rule of the latter court (6 Ct. Cl. vi):
“In all cases where the petition of the claimant is signed, and the affidavit thereto made by the agent or attorney of the claimant, there shall be filed with the petition a regular warrant of attorney, duly executed by the claimant to the party so acting on his behalf; and on.failure to file such warrant of attorney, the petition will be dismissed.”
It was said by the' Supreme Court (page 274, 91 U. S., 23 L. Ed. 346):
“It is not distinctly stated in this case that the writing used as a basis of comparison was admitted to be in the claimant’s hand, but it was conceded by counsel that it was in fact the power of attorney given by him to his attorney in fact, by virtue of which he appeared and presented the claim to the court T'nis cercainly amounted to a declaration on his part that it was in his hand, and to pretend the contrary would operate as a fraud on the court.”
Other decisions to the same effect are Wilber v. Eicholtz, 5 Colo. 241, 243; State v. Noe, 119 N. C. 849, 25 S. E. 812; Vinton v. Peck, 14 Mich. 287, 295. There was no pretense that the two recognizances-were surreptitiously or otherwise improperly in the files. Whether they
The Cogan declaration for increase of pension was not a competent standard of comparison. It was otherwise irrelevant to the issues, and was not part of the record or proceedings of the case on trial.
Complaint is made of the instructions given to the jury concerning tire unspoken reasons of the government’s expert witness for the opinion expressed by him as to the similarity or identity of the handwriting in the papers exhibited to him. As appears in the statement heretofore made, a ruling of the court, fully acquiesced in by defendant’s counsel, prevented the government from placing this information before the jury during the examination in- chief of the witness, and the defendant did not avail himself of the privilege expressly accorded to 'him of calling it out upon cross-examination. Defendant’s counsel was therefore not in a position to subsequently urge before the jury that the witness’ opinion was unexplained or inexplicable. And whether this was done or not, it was entirely appropriate, in view of the situation which the matter had assumed, that the court should call the attention of the jury thereto, and state that presumably the witness would have been able to declare the reasons upon which he proceeded in pronouncing his opinion. Men are so generally able to declare the reasons for their opinions, that where, in testifying as an expert, one has given an opinion from the witness stand, and has expressed himself as willing and able to explain the opinion, but has been prevented from doing so, it may well be said that presumably he would have been able to declare upon what reasons his opinion rested. Thus far the instruction is not subject to criticism. But it also said to the jury that presumably the witness “would have told you how every stroke of the pen was made, and how it would be impossible, or at least not a matter to be believed, that another person than the prisoner could have made the writing upon the back of the check.” It is not a matter of common experience or observation that the opinions of men, or of those men who speak as experts in handwriting, are so unerring, or that the reasons for their opinions are so well founded, convincing, and conclusive, as the opinion and reasons of this witness were assumed to be in this instruction. The law does not permit presumptions to be entertained in judicial pro ceedings which do not comport with, or are contrary to, the common experience or observation of men. The effect of the instruction was fo convey to the jury the impression that, as matter of law, the failure of the defendant to exercise the full right of cross-examination accorded to him by the court’s ruling- was a confession that the reasons in the mind of the witness foi the opinion expressed by him were so well founded, convincing, and conclusive as to demonstrate, if stated, that it was impossible, or at least incredible, that the forgery charged was the act of
A ruling of the court sustaining the third, fourth, and fifth counts of the indictment upon which defendant was found guilty is complained of, but a careful examination of the indictment discloses no defect in either of these counts.
The judgment is reversed and the case is remanded, with a direction to grant a new trial.