107 Neb. 647 | Neb. | 1922
This action involves title to a farm in Buffalo county, Nebraska, constituting the estate of Anthony Shovel, deceased. The plaintiff, Maud M. Wiseman; the adopted daughter of Anthony Shovel, claims the entire estate, and brings this action to . confirm and quiet the ti tit-as against any interest which might have been claimed by James Shovel, a child taken by the Shovel family and reared as a member of the family, but never legally adopted. The trial court entered a decree quieting the title in the plaintiff, and from this decision the
Anthony Shovel and his wife were early settlers in Buffalo county. They never had children of their own. In 1875 they took into the family a little waif, Avhich they procured at an orphan’s home in St. Joseph. The name of this child Avas Jim McManus and he Ava§ then eight years old: The child took the name of James Shovel, Avas always known by that name, and Avas generally reputed to be a child of the family. In 1882, Avhen James Avas 15 years old, the Shovels, by statutory procedure, adopted a litle girl. She is uoav the plaintiff in this action. The adoption agreement, filed in the county court in that proceeding, contained these provisions :
“Whereas, the above named Anthony and Susan Shovel have in fact adopted James, the orphan child of Thomas and Mary McManus.late of the state of Missouri, deceased, Avho Avas born on the fifth day of January, 1867, and have for seven years last past nursed and reared him under their name and as their child, and whereas, the said Anthony and Susan Shovel desire to bestoAV upon the said James equal right, privileges and immunities with children born' in laAvful Avedlock, and Avhereas, there is some difficulty about the statutory adoption of the said James for the Avant of any parent or other person having lawful custody of said James, to sign the necessary relinquishment.
“Now, therefore, the adoption of the said Maud May and investing her Avith equal right, privileges and immunities as children born in lawful Avedlock, shall not be taken or construed to invest her with any rights, or Inheritance to the exclusion in whole or in part of the said James, but the said James shall always - share equally with the said Maud May in any and all rights and privileges accruing to her by virtue of this adoption.”
James was reared as a child of the family and remained upon the farm, performing all services allotted
The defendants’ claim of interest in the estate, raised in their answer, is based upon two theories:
(1) That the evidence is sufficient to show an agreement, on the part of the Shovels, to adopt James, and make him an heir, the performance of that agreement by James and the right, in his representatives, to a specific performance of that contract; and
(2) That the written agreement, made a part of the statutory adoption of Maud, was upon the express condition, contained therein, that James should share equally in whatever inheritance should be received by Maud, that such condition was necessarily assented to by Maud, and that her repudiation of the implied promise to carry out that condition and the expressed desires of the adopting parents results in her becoming a trustee
It is admitted that there was never any statutory adoption of James. It must be conceded, therefore, that he never became an heir of the estate and has no right of inheritance. Heirship cannot be created by contract, but by law only. The right of inheritance could only have been conferred upon James by a legal adoption conducted in substantial accordance with all the essential requirements of the statute. 1 C. J. 1373, sec. 4.
It is claimed that the evidence in this case is sufficient to prove a contract to adopt James and to make him an heir;' that this contract had been performed on his part, and that, even though he should not be entitled to inherit under the law, still a court of equity should consider that done which should have been done, and award to him an equivalent of such inheritance by way of decreeing a specific performance of the agreement. Pemberton v. Heirs of Pemberton, 76 Neb. 669; Kofka v. Rosicky, 41 Neb. 328; Tuttle v. Winchell, 104 Neb 750; 1 C.J. 1377, sec. 21.
We have carefully examined the evidence in the case and find little more to sustain such an agreement than that which is set out above. Every element of such a contract must be proved by the most clear, convincing, and satisfactory evidence. Peterson v. Bauer, 83 Neb. 405. The defendants contend that such an agreement is to be inferred from the statements by the" Shovels that they had adopted James, which admissions had been made to certain persons Avho testified as witnesses in the case, and from their declaration in the articles of adoption of Maud, to the effect that they had, in fact, adopted James, and that they desired to bestow upon him the right of inheritance. The defendants claim that these facts, in connection with a showing that James Avas reared* as a member of the family and took the family name and a relation in the family as if he had been adopted, are sufficient to prove, beyond question,
It seems clear to us that James neither had a right of inheritance in the estate of Anthony Shovel, nor had he any right of action for any breach of contract for adoption. His rights must depend entirely upon the written agreement entered into by the Shovels in the adoption proceedings of Maud.
The statutes governing this proceeding (Gen. St. 1873, ch. 57, secs. 796-801) did not provide that an adopted child should always receive rights of inheritance, but left that matter to the agreement of the parties. A person was granted the right of adopting a child “with such limitations and conditions as shall be agreed upon.”' The statute provided that a person could, by stipulhtion in his adoption statement, bestow upon the child rights of inheritance, and it was provided that the decree in
In Martin v. Long, 53 Neb. 694, the contractual character of such proceeding is indicated, and in that case it was held that the parties could, by the adoption agreement, legally provide that the adopted child should receive, at her majority, from the adopting parents the sum of $500. The statute, as interpreted by this decision, contemplates the right of the parties to regulate and define and limit or supplement the rights of the child in the estate of the adopting parents. The written contract and statement of adoption, filed in the proceedings in the adoption of Maud, was a contract that has a statutory sanction.
The defendants contend that this contract created an express trust in favor of James; that it clearly provided that Maud was to share equally with James whatever she should inherit from the estate, and that such trust, being created by a contract which is given legal recognition by the statute, would be enforceable even though it might, in the absence of the statute, be held bad because of its testamentary character. The solution of that question would involve a determination as to how far parties to such adoption proceedings may fix and determine the rights of inheritance and property rights of others than the adopted child. Though
The defendants contend that, in any event, the bestowal of the right of inheritance upon Maud was conditional and was offered and accepted only upon the implied agreement that the condition would be performed, and that, after having become, through the implied promise that the condition would be performed, entitled as an heir to an entire interest in the estate, she cannot now be allowed to repudiate the promise, and that her repudiation results in making her a trustee ex maleficio, to the extent of that interest in the property Avhich it was intended should be conferred upon James.
Whether or not the written agreement was sufficient, as a contract, to create an express trust, in favor of James, which would be impressed upon the property received by Maud by inheritance, it is our opinion that, in any event, equity will recognize a constructive trust and enforce it. The intention of the parties, set forth in the written instrument, is clear. The adopting parents recited that they had desired and attempted to adopt James, but that their adoption was defective and that they-were unable to legally adopt him. For that reason, it seemed they believed, he either had no legal right to inherit or that his right of inheritance was questionable. A right of inheritance they desired to bestow upon him, and they expressed their intention that he should inherit equally with Maud, and that her inheritance should never in any Avay cut down or affect his. The agreement even goes farther and states that James shall share equally with Maud in any and all rights and privileges accruing to her. The condition, which has now actually come about, is the very condition that the articles of agreement sought to guard against.
A clear statement of the rule is found in 39 Cyc. 177: “Where a testator or ancestor makes known to his devisee, legatee, or heir his desire that his property be disposed of in a particular manner, and that he relies upon him to carry his desire into effect, and such devisee, legatee, or heir uses words or does acts calculated to cause, and which he knows do in fact cause, the testator or ancestor to believe that he fully assents thereto, and where in consequence thereof the testator or ancestor makes * * * a will or such particular disposition of his property in his lifetime as will carry out his desire, a constructive trust is created.” It is that principle which is recognized in the decisions of our court in Smullin v. Wharton, 73 Neb. 667; Schneringer v. Schneringer, 81 Neb. 661; Pollard v. McKenney, 69 Neb. 742; Crinkley v. Rogers, 100 Neb. 647.
It is argued that such a rule has no application unless there is fraud in the inception of the transaction; that
It is our conclusion that the plaintiff should be held as a trustee eco maleficio of the property inherited from Anthony Shovel, and that the obligation of her trust is to share such property Avith the children of James Shovel, so that they shall receive that share in the estate Avhich the articles of agreement, entered into at the time of her adoption, prescribed should be shared Avith James,
Plaintiff pleads the statute of limitations as a bar to any claim of interest by the defendants to the property in question. The defendants, however, did not bring this action to establish a constructive trust in the property, but have set up such a trust in defense of thd plaintiff’s action. The plaintiff claims under the agreement in the articles of adoption by which she was made an heir of the estate. The defendants’ answer asserts, by way of defense, that the plaintiff is a.trustee coo maleficio. The effect of that defense is to define and limit that title interest which the plaintiff claims. The statute of limitations Avould not be available to the plaintiff to prevent such a defense. Pinkham v. Pinkham, 61 Neb. 336; Bank of Alma v. Hamilton, 85 Neb. 441; Pettit v. Louis, 88 Neb. 496.
Though 19 years have elapsed since the death of Anthony Shovel, it appears that Susan Shovel, his
For the reasons given, the judgment of the trial court is reversed and. the cause remanded for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
Reversed.