104 Va. 400 | Va. | 1905
delivered the opinion of the court.
The defendant in error, W. B. McCormick, brought this action and recovered in the Circuit Court of Wise county, a verdict and judgment against the plaintiff in error, Wise Terminal Company, which was the defendant in the court below, for $5,000 as damages for personal injuries alleged to have been inflicted upon him by the negligence of the defendant company.
In the view taken by this court, there was a total failure on the part of the plaintiff to trace actionable negligence to the defendant company, and in no aspect of the case was he entitled to a verdict. Therefore, it is unnecessary to notice in detail the numerous assignments of error other than the refusal of the trial court to set aside the verdict on the ground that it was contrary to the law and the evidence.
The Wise Terminal Company, operates a line of railroad about six miles in length, extending from the town of Glamor-
In carrying on this business, tbe defendant company found it necessary to purchase and use only one engine and one passenger car, tbe freight cars being furnished by connecting roads. Tbe engine used, though second band, was duly inspected before it was purchased by tbe defendant company by competent inspectors, and pronounced reasonably safe and suitable for tbe work required of it. In fact, according to tbe undisputed evidence in tbe case, was more desirable, and much safer on tbe new road-bed which tbe defendant company was operating than a new engine would have been. Tbe defendant company employed competent men to manage and conduct its business, and among other of its employees was tbe plaintiff, McCormick, who was a brakeman well versed in railroad rules, who usually performed bis duties reasonable well, but bad fallen into tbe habit of drinking ardent spirits to excess at times. His duties were those of an ordinary brakeman, and to keep one of tbe two keys to tbe passenger coach from tbe time be went on duty at seven o’clock A. M., till about 1:30 P. M., when he was to lock tbe passenger coach and deliver tbe key to another employee, Taylor, and thereupon bis (McCormick’s) duties and employment ceased for tbe day, and it became tbe duty of Taylor, as tbe night watchman (or “hostler”) to take charge of tbe engine and passenger coach, and keep them in charge during tbe night. He, Taylor, was also to clean, oil, sand, water, and coal tbe engine, clean up the passenger coach, and have them ready for the first passenger run from Glamorgan to Norton tbe next morning. No one besides Taylor bad anything to do with tbe engine or passenger coach after tbe last or night passenger run from Norton to Glamorgan was completed; tbe en
On July 6, 1903, the last passenger run from Horton to Glamorgan was made, and the engine, as usual, turned over to the night watchman, Taylor, in its usual condition, i. e. with the air valve closed. McCormick, however, for some reason, forgot to turn over to Taylor the key to the passenger co.ach that was in his possession, and which it was his duty to have delivered to Taylor on the completion of the run about 8 :00 o’clock P. M., and which duty McCormick generally performed and had been remiss in doing hut a few times before. In his examination in chief in this ease he started out to excuse his omission on this occasion by the statement that on arriving at Glamorgan and going off duty for the night he did not see Taylor, hut on cross-examination he frankly admits that he simply “forgot” it. He claims that he occupied the time between 8:00 o’clock P. M. and midnight in writing two letters, and in reading a newspaper, when he discovered that he had failed to deliver the key to Taylor as he should have done on arrival of the train and that he then had it in his pocket, and, although there was no necessity for his doing so, so far as enabling Taylor to get into the coach was concerned, he started out in quest of Taylor to deliver to him the key.
Taylor, as usual, had taken the engine up to the switch, above referred to, for the purpose of cleaning and oiling it,
The theories upon which the plaintiff grounds his claim to damages, were, (1) that Taylor, the night watchman, was incompetent to perform the duties entrusted to him; (2) that Taylor was negligent in placing the oil can on the step across the front of the tender; (3) that the engine was not suitably equipped with air brakes and was not properly lighted; and (4) that Taylor did not stop the engine as soon as he ought to have done after plaintiff fell under it.
There was practically no effort made in the introduction of the evidence to sustain the allegation of the declaration that the defendant company was ■ negligent in using a second-hand engine, nor as to the incompetency of Taylor, the night watch
It is a fundamental principle of negligence, that one charged therewith must have done something which he knew or had reason to believe might cause an injury to some one else, and unless this is proven negligence cannot he imputed.
In addition to plaintiff’s own evidence showing conclusively that no one had any business on the step or foot-hoard across the rear end of the tender after the train came in and the engine was turned over to Taylor, the uncontradicted statement of Taylor is that no one had any business there, so far as he knew, and, therefore, he was not looking for anybody about the engine, or on the track.
At one point it is alleged and argued that the negligence of the defendant company, with respect to the oil can consisted in* a violation of a rule against putting such an obstruction on the step of the engine, and at another that the negligence consisted in not having such a rule. Either contention might have been plausibly made ■ if the accident out of which this suit arises had occurred at a time and place when and where there was any reason whatever to expect that any one would attempt to get upon the step or foot-board of the engine in question, but that is not the case here. Moreover the plaintiff himself testifies that he had with him a regular railroad lantern, which he admits afforded him sufficient light to see the small iron hand-hold on the end of the tender, which he got hold of or attempted to get hold of; yet he tries, as it would seem, to leave the impression that the lantern did not afford
It is also shown in the evidence that while the engine is moving to and fro .at work on the yard at night colored lights are set back on the tender so that the edge of the tender throws a shadow down immediately around the tender and no light is thrown on the step or foot-board. These lights are only put on the engine as “markers,” i. e. for the purpose of indicating to people and trainmen the location of the engine, and not for the purpose of enabling them to get upon the engine. Their absence from the engine on the night of this accident, even if under the circumstances they should have been there, could not by any possibility have contributed to the accident, since the plaintiff himself testifies that he both heard and saw the engine coming towards him. It also clearly appears, there being really no evidence to the contrary, that with the air valve shut off, which was the case, the engine could have been stopped without the air brakes as quickly and within the same distance by reversing and giving the engine steam.
A number of witnesses were permitted to give opinions in answer to hypothetical questions which assumed facts concerning the speed of the engine at the time the plaintiff was injured, and within what distance it could have been stopped after Taylor had notice of the plaintiff’s peril, when these facts had not been and never were proved in the case; but we deem it unnecessary to comment on. this evidence further than to say, that it was, under the circumstances, irrelevant and incompetent: The speed at which a train was moving or within what distance it could be stopped, are questions of actual fact- and expert testimony thereon can, under no circumstances, be
The remaining question in the case is, whether or not Taylor, after he knew or had notice of plaintiff’s peril, exercised ordinary care to prevent the injuries to him?
We do not attach any importance to the question, whether the plaintiff was upon the track of the defendant company on the night of his accident as an employee, or a stranger, or a trespasser. Conceding that it was his duty, as is so earnestly contended, to deliver the key to Taylor when he found it in his pocket several hours after he should have so delivered it, and that he was properly on the yard of the defendant company for that purpose as an employee, the question remains whether there was reasonable and proper cause for him to step in the middle of the track to await the approach of the engine to him, and then attempt to mount the step across the front of the tender from the middle of the track without sufficient light to enable him safely to do so, as he insists.
It was neither reasonably necessary or proper for him to take this risk in the performance of the duty resting upon him to deliver the key to Taylor. Thomp. on L. of Meg., secs. 3748, 3749, 4988; Bertha Zinc Wks. v. Martin, 93 Va. 791, 22 S. E. 869. He admits that if he had safely gotten upon the step he could not have delivered the key from there to Taylor, who was in the cab of the engine, but would have had to ride bn the step down to where the engine was to stop at the coach, a distance less than 200 feet, before he.could accomplish his purpose. Obviously he could have avoided the hazardous and dangerous undertaking to board this engine, as he did, by walking down to where the engine was to stop, as he knew, and it is conceded that he might have gotten upon the step of the tender from the side of the track or could have stood outside of the track, clear of all danger, and handed the key to Taylor as he
!N"o principle of law is better established than that “where an employee is confronted with two methods of performing work, the one safe and the other dangerous, he owes a positive duty to his employer to pursue the safe method, irrespective of the degree of danger which may be involved in the unsafe method, and any departure from the path of safety will prevent his recovery if -he is injured.” Street’s admr. v. N. & W. R. Co., 101 Va. 746, 45 S. E. 284, and authorities cited; Newport News, &c., Co. v. Beauneister, 102 Va. 678, 47 S. E. 821.
Accepting his statement as true, notwithstanding the strong proof to the contrary, that he was sober when he attempted to board the engine as he did, the fact of the plaintiff’s gross negligence so clearly appears that his case is put beyond the possibility that reasonably fair-minded men might differ as to whether or not his negligence contributed directly to his own injury.
This being the situation at the beginning of the occurrences when plaintiff attempted to board the engine and fell under it, the law is equally well settled as to the liability or non-liability of the defendant company for the injuries he sustained.
“One who is injured by the mere negligence of another cannot recover any compensation for his injury if he, by his own ordinary negligence or wilful wrong contributed to produce the injury of which he complains, so that but for his concurring and co-operating fault the injury would not have happened, except where the direct cause of the injury is the omission of the
The opinion in that case, by Lacy, J., says: “That a person who, by his own default, has brought upon himself a loss or an injury, can claim no loss or compensation for it from another, is a principle of universal application; and it is equally true that if his imprudence or negligence has so materially contributed to the loss or the injury that but for such imprudence or negligence it would not have occurred, he can claim no recompense from another who has been instrumental in causing it, unless the latter, upon the discovery of the danger into which the party had brought himself by his own fault, could, by the use of such diligence as the extent of the danger and the nature of the threatened injury required, have avoided the concurrence. Hutchinson on Carriers, pp. 502, 505.”
This principle of law is clearly discussed and many of the authorities bearing upon it reviewed in the opinion by Buchanan, J., in the late case of Richmond Pass., &c., Co. v. Gordon, 102 Va. 498, 46 S. E. 772.
The principle was applied in Dun v. S. & R. Bd. Co., supra, where the suit was by a passenger suing for an injury sustained while rightfully on board of one of the defendant’s passenger trains and to whom the defendant owed the highest degree of care, and what was said in the opinion and by the text-writer cited applies with greater force to a ease such as we have under consideration, since, although conceding that the plaintiff was in the line of his duty when he went to deliver the key to Taylor, the night watchman, the well established principle, that in entering the employ of the master he assumed the risks ordinarily incident to the duties to be performed, also applies, and also the further principle that it is as much the duty of the servant to provide for his own safety from such dangers as are
“TRe extent of a person’s duties is' to be determined by a consideration of the circumstances in which Re is placed. TRe law imposes duties upon men according to the circumstances in which they are called to act.” It is true that “when the facts are disputed, the question of negligence is a mixed question of law and fact. . TRe jury must ascertain the facts, and the judge must instruct them as to the .rule of law which they are to apply to the facts as they may find them. WRere, however, the direct fact in issue is ascertained by undisputed evidence, and such fact is decisive of the case, a question of law is raised, and the court should decide it. The jury has no duty to perform. The issue of negligence comes within the rule.” Dun v. S. & R. R. Co., supra.
If we concede that the 10th instruction given for the plaintiff with the view of submitting to the jury the question, whether or not Taylor failed to perform Ris duty after the plaintiff fell under the engine, fairly and correctly-propounded that question, although it failed to tell the jury that the defendant-company was not liable unless Taylor failed to do his duty after he knew or had notice of plaintiff’s peril, we' are still of opinion that the verdict of the jury should have been set aside on the ground that it is without evidence to trace actionable negligence to the defendant company.
■As to what transpired after the plaintiff fell under the engine and before the engine was stopped — which required but a mo
Ordinarily it is the party injured who invokes the doctrine sanctioned by this court in Richmond Ry. & Elec. Co. v. Hudgins, 100 Va. 409, 41 S. E. 736, that “one may not, by his own negligence or want of proper care, place another in a perilous situation, and when sued for injuries resulting therefrom put the burden on the plaintiff of showing that he acted with reasonable care. Persons in great peril are not required to exercise the presence of mind required of prudent men under ordinary circumstances”; but, as it seems to us, no good reason can be given why the converse of the proposition is not equally sound. Here the party doing the injury, i. e. the watchman, or acting engineer, Taylor, claims, and as we think properly, that having been suddenly put into an emergency by the negligence of the plaintiff, the latter could not require of him the wisest possible action. In other words, if the view of the plaintiff in this case be correct, A, by his gross negligence, may require action on the part of B to save him from the consequences of his own fault, and if B! does not automatically and instantly do that which will conduce to his safety B is liable. Having no reason, whatever, to- expect that the plaintiff, or any one else, would on a dark night attempt to mount the engine in his charge from the middle of the track in front, or be on the track where the engine could inflict an injury upon him, Taylor was, by the negligence of the plaintiff, suddenly put into an
It was a matter of pure speculation or conjecture as to what Taylor could or should have done after the plaintiff had, by his own gross negligence, gotten beneath the moving engine, since the evidence fails utterly to point out any negligence on Taylor’s part intervening between the accident and the negligence of the plaintiff.
“The existence of negligence must not be left entirely to conjecture and courts cannot uphold the tentative conclusions of juries, based upon no sure grounds of inference.” N. & W. R. Co. v. Cromer, 101 Va. 671, 44 S. E. 898.
This is, therefore, clearly a case where the acts of the plaintiff and the conduct of Taylor were so substantially concurrent as to render it impossible to separate the conduct of the former from the injury itself, whereby plaintiff’s right of recovery is precluded. Seaboard, &c. R. Co. v. Hickey, 102 Va. 394, 46 S. E. 392; Richmond Trac. Co. v. Martin, 102 Va. 205, 45 S. E. 886, and other authorities cited above.
For these reasons, we are of opinion that the lower court erred in overruling the motion of the defendant company to set aside the vei’dict, and its judgment must be reversed and the case remanded for a new trial.
Beversed.