150 Misc. 229 | N.Y. Sup. Ct. | 1934
This is an action in equity for a permanent injunction against the defendants for infringing upon five trademarks of the plaintiff and for an accoimting to the plaintiff for all damages sustained by it owing to such infringement by the defendants. The plaintiff and the defendants are in the same field of business. These trade-marks of the plaintiff are Veronal, Aristol, Protargol, Theominal and Kres-lumin. The products put out by the defendants are known as Barbital (introduced as Veronal), Thymol Iodide (introduced as Aristol), Silver Proteinate (introduced as Protargol), Theobrominal and Kre-o-minal. Volumes of testimony have been taken, thus giving the defendants every latitude to establish the defenses set up in their answers. The case is one that is important not only to the litigants, but to the public as well. Careful consideration has been given to the testimony and also to the arguments of the parties as presented by their able counsel, and to the thoroughly exhaustive memoranda they have presented.
After considering everything I can come to but one conclusion. There must be a judgment in favor of the plaintiff in this case. If the law of unfair competition is to survive it should be enforced in a manner so to give it fife and not to throttle it. The mere fact that by indirection the defendants poach upon the rights of the plaintiff does not prevent equity from giving the same relief as if they had boldly usurped the entire names adopted by the plaintiff in its trade-marks or had used its trade-marks alone and not in connection with any other words on its products. It would appear from what has been before the court in this case that there has been a studied, unfair effort on the part of the defendants to obtain the benefit of the character and reputation of the plaintiff’s products, without expense on their part, and to the detriment of the public and the plaintiff alike. Simulation and deceit are plainly present in all the articles of merchandise of the defendants that are challenged by the plaintiff.
It would be too extended a thing to go into the ownership of all these trade-marks and their history. I have examined into the origin as shown by the testimony and the exhibits and there is not the slightest doubt about the plaintiff’s ownership. Let us take up Veronal, which it is claimed is infringed upon by the defendants’ product Barbital (introduced as Veronal). A great deal of latitude was permitted the defendants in their attempt to question the right of the plaintiff to the trade-mark Veronal. Much has been said about the original ownership by the German company known as E. Merck of Darmstadt. It is quite plain that this company gave the right or license to the German Bayer Company to manufacture and dispense this drug. An American concern named Merck & Company had the right to distribute this article before, but not after, the World war. The Alien Property Custodian seized and sold all the patents and trade-marks property of the German Merck Company to the Sterling Products, Inc., after the war. This company assigned this trade-mark to the plaintiff in 1919. It is evident, then, that since 1919 nobody except the plaintiff had the right to use this trade-mark.
I do not believe that Veronal is a descriptive term. The plaintiff’s witnesses show that it was an arbitrary term, and in this contention they are supported by some of the witnesses produced by the defendants. With the exception of Mr. Morgenstern and Dr. Edlin, no one said it was a descriptive term.
The court disregards Dr. Edlin’s testimony in its entirety. He did not show enough knowledge of the subject to be helpful as an expert, and the court regards Mr. Morgenstern’s testimony as not entitled to any weight because it saw the witness’ manner and heard bis many statements, some of which could not be the fact.
With respect to the testimony introduced by the defendants in the form of extracts from dictionaries, journals, medical and pharmaceutical books to indicate that Veronal, Protargol and Aristol are descriptive names, I have assumed that this evidence is competent, although there is authority to the contrary. (Bossman v. Garnier, 211 Fed. 401.) I am constrained to find that this evidence is of little, if any, weight, as it appears that it is the practice of the authors of such publications to include all names of drugs, both proprietary and descriptive, in their works without differentiation as to common and proprietary names. On this point, the most substantial publications, including the two most recognized authoritative books on the subject in this country, namely, the United States Pharmacopoeia and New and Non-Official Remedies, the former published under the authority of the United States government, the latter by the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry of the American Medical Association, bear out the plaintiff’s contention that Veronal, Protargol and Aristol are not the common or descriptive names of the drugs.
Veronal has been widely sold in this country by the plaintiff; over 5,250,000 packages have been sold since 1919. This is as a consequence of the long and continued use by the plaintiff of this
These products have been long associated by the public with the plaintiff. They indicate and identify the plaintiff’s products; they are the result of the money expended and the efforts of the plaintiff to familiarize the public with its trade-mark products. Assuming that they were originally descriptive terms, although the opposite has been established here, nevertheless, they have acquired a secondary meaning and the trade-mark will be protected from an infringement by the defendants. (Coca-Cola Co. v. Koke Co. of America, 254 U. S. 143, 145; Le Blume Import Co., Inc., v. Coty, 293 Fed. 344; Orange Crush Co. v. California Crushed Fruit Co., 297 id. 892; United Drug Co. v. Parodney, 24 F. [2d] 577; Standard Oil Co. of Maine v. Standard Oil Co. of New York, 45 id. 309; Fishel & Sons, fnc., v. Distinctive Jewelry Co., Inc., 196 App. Div. 779.)
The defendants claim that the plaintiff’s trade-mark Veronal has become publici juris through abandonment. They have cited several authorities, all of which have been examined by the court. That there may be an abandonment cannot be questioned. If there is an abandonment, of course, the plaintiff would lose its exclusive right to the trade-mark. I cannot find any abandonment in this case by any intention as expressed in the testimony produced before me. The efforts used and the money expended by the plaintiff in advertising the trade-mark negative any such intention. The court cannot infer abandonment by reason of the fact that several others continue to use the name Veronal on their products. That others may have claimed the right to it is immaterial. Some of the rehable houses when shown the source of title and its strength have discontinued the use of the trade-mark. In adopting the methods the defendants have in putting out their Barbital, they cannot hide behind the forms of others who present an all too unethical part of our business fabric. That others have and are infringing on the trade-mark does not excuse the defendants in the slightest degree. (Anheuser-Busch v. Budweiser Malt Products Corp., 287 Fed. 243; affd., 295 id. 306.) It might be stated that
A trade-mark is that which distinguishes a person’s goods from those of another.. It is a stamp of the genuineness of the merchandise. (Kipling v. Putnam’s Sons, 120 Fed. 631, 635; Elgin National Watch Co. v. Illinois Watch Case Co., 179 U. S. 665, 673.) “ The function of a trade-mark is to point out the maker of the article to which it is attached.” (Waterman v. Shipman, 130 N. Y. 301, 311.)
It gives the right to prohibit the use of it so as to protect the owner’s good will against the sale of a product as his. The cases cited by the defendants contain facts which show such enormous sales by the alleged infringing competitors and others that over a period of many years it had become so generally sold by others as to destroy the trade-mark.
The leading cases cited of French Republic v. Saratoga Vichy Co. (191 U. S. 427, 436) and McKesson & Robbins v. Phillips Chemical Co. (53 F. [2d] 342) exemplify this statement when it appears that in each of them the sale by others far exceeded that of the owner of the trade-mark. The remaining authorities are along the same line and surely do not fit the facts and circumstances of this case.
It is not doubted that before the war Merck & Co. had the right to distribute Veronal as one of the products of E. Merck & Co. of Darmstadt, the German concern, but when the latter’s property and good will were seized by the Alien Property Custodian and sold to plaintiff’s assignor, the American concern, Merck & Co., had no legal right to sell or distribute it any longer. It was this original right which has apparently confused some of the few reputable houses who apparently thought that this right had con-
It is urged that this trade-mark Veronal became public property because the drug Barbital was manufactured under a patent in which Veronal was the generic name used. I cannot coincide with the defense either upon the law or upon the facts in regard to this issue. In the first place, Veronal is not the generic name of the patented article. Diethylbarbituric acid, which was subsequently shortened into Barbital, was the generic term of the patented article. The patent itself shows this, for there is no reference to Veronal in the patent. The conduct of the plaintiff in advertising its trade-mark Veronal during the existence of the patent and the labels used, showing that Veronal was its trademark, shows that the plaintiff never permitted this trade-mark to become a generic term. That others have infringed does not justify the defendants in the slightest degree or give them the right to infringe upon the plaintiff’s trade-mark rights. If the others have done wrong that is no excuse for the defendants in doing likewise. (Ward Baking Co. v. Potter-Wrightington, Inc., 298 Fed. 398; Imxot Cab Mfg. Corp. v. Leading Cab Co., Inc., 125 Misc. 764; affd., 215 App. Div. 798; Cuervo v. Henkell, 50 Fed. 471; Acitengesellschaft Vereinigte Ultramarin-F'abriken v. Amberg, 109 id. 151.) Most of these infringers make no claim to the trade-mark Veronal and recognize it as the property of the plaintiff.
I have examined closely into the claim of Merck & Co. to the right to use this trade-mark. It, too, is an infringer. It had no right to sell Veronal since the World war. However, its infringement from the evidence in this case is rather trivial, because the testimony is overwhelming that its use did not mislead, and the best proof of this is the difficulty that Mr. Blackman had to purchase Veronal put out by Merck which he desired to use as evidence in this case. (Tetlow v. Tappan, 85 Fed. 774; Newman v. Alvord, 51 N. Y. 189.)
The plaintiff has been charged with laches in bringing this action. I find that there is no merit to this contention. We start off with the fact that there was no acquiescence by the plaintiff in the defendants’ use of the trade-mark Veronal. The evidence shows that the plaintiff protested against the use of this trade-mark. It would appear also that the defendants promised to discontinue this use but that they broke this promise. There has been no prejudice to the defendants in failing instantly to bring this suit, and the time between this promise and the commencement of this action is certainly too short a period upon which to predicate laches. I am also of the opinion that the period of discovering the infringement and the bringing of the action is also too short a time on which laches can be claimed. (Goldman & Bros., Inc., v. Goldstein, 125 Misc. 737; McLean v. Fleming, 96 U. S. 245.)
The defendants claim through Mr. Blackman that they had express permission from Mr. McClintock, of the plaintiff’s company, to the effect that they could use the trade-mark Veronal. No such defense is alleged in the answer. Aside from the legal proposition involved in the admission of this evidence I decide the issue between these two men in favor of the plaintiff. No such permission was even given.
Protargol is a registered trade-mark of the plaintiff which was registered in the United States Patent Office on November 23, 1897, and through successive valid assignments became the property of the plaintiff on March 21, 1919.
A renewal of the trade-mark registration was granted to the
Aristol is also a registered trade-mark of the plaintiff which was registered in the United States Patent Office on January 14, 1890, and by successive assignments became the property of the plaintiff on March 21, 1919. A renewal of the trade-mark was granted on August 16, 1921. The defendants infringe upon this trademark by selling its product Thymol Iodide (introduced as Aristol). Protargol and Aristol are assailed generally upon the same grounds as Veronal. What has been said about the failure of this attack in regard to Veronal applies with equal force to these two trademarks, although it may be stated that there was no expired patent involved in regard to Aristol. Likewise there has been no infringement upon the trade-mark Protargol by other concerns. The decision of the court in other respects is the same as to these trademarks.
The defendants’ use of Theobrominal is an infringement upon plaintiff’s trade-mark Theominal. It is conceded that they closely resemble each other in sound but that resemblance is minor when we consider the facts in the case. Theominal is not a descriptive term because of itself it does not describe anything. It is a combination of two drugs, theobromine and phenobarbital. The. evidence is conclusive that it is an arbitrary word used by plaintiff and by which its product is recognized. The only matter before the court is whether the defendants have been guilty of an infringement upon the trade-mark Theominal by the use of Theobrominal. An attempt is made to prove that Theobrominal is descriptive of the defendants’ product. It may be descriptive of one of the ingredients of the drug (theobromine), but it is certainly not descriptive of the drug itself as that also contains phenobarbital. The term Theobrominal is just as arbitrary as the term Theominal. Even if the term Theobrominal were descriptive of a preparation, the adoption of that name being so similar to Theominal that an injunction would issue. (Fairbank Co. v. Central Lard Co., 64 Fed. 133; Noel v. Ellis, 89 id. 978.) A comparison of the two preparations leads to the inevitable conclusion that the defendants attempted to make their article so closely resemble the plaintiff’s that it could be easily palmed off on the public as the latter product. The names are certainly similar both in spelling, appearance and sound. There is a marked similarity in the bottles and the same may be said of the labels. The ingredients are the same.
It is plain that the adoption of the word Theobrominal is for the purpose of deception and confusion to the public and the
As to the trade-mark Kres-lumin, I cannot accept the view of the defendants that its only similarity “ resides in the first three letters ‘KRE.’ ” I agree with the plaintiff’s contention that the adoption of the word Kre-o-minal to designate its product is an infringement by the defendants of two trade-marks “ Kres-lumin ” and “ Theominal.” Kres-lumin is an arbitrary term and is not descriptive • of the product. The medical profession and the drug trade recognize it as the plaintiff’s preparation. It does not require any effort to see that parts of both trade-marks are incorporated in Kre-ominal. The labels on the bottles of Kres-lumin and Kre-o-minal are very similar as to printed matter. The most serious argument made by the defendants is that Theominal is used for a different purpose than Kre-o-minal, but the gravamen of the offense appropriating trade-marks is nevertheless present. The intended deception of the defendants is to sell their goods as those of the plaintiff. That which the defendants could not legally do with regard to one product applies with equal force when they simulate in one preparation two of the plaintiff’s valid trade-marks. That one of these trade-marks may in part be for a different kind of remedy and, therefore, a different product presents no defense. (Long’s Hat Stores Corp. v. Long Clothes, Inc., 224 App. Div. 497; Rogers, Ltd., v. Majestic Products Corp., 23 F. [2d] 219; Forsythe Co., Inc., v. Forsythe Shoe Corp., 234 App. Div. 355.)
The entire picture that is presented by the record in this case is one which shows that the defendants are engaged in a deliberate campaign to gather to themselves by infringement upon the plaintiff’s legitimate trade-marks, business and trade that they are not entitled to. In this equity must take a stand to protect the plaintiff’s business which has a good will and real reputation which are the results of the efforts and expenditures of this plaintiff. The plaintiff is granted a permanent injunction restraining the defendants’ infringement and simulation of the plaintiff’s trade-marks involved in this case and the defendants are directed to account to the plaintiff for all damages sustained by it as a result of those infringements, together with the taxable costs of this action. Submit findings of fact and conclusions of law accordingly.
