44 Kan. 367 | Kan. | 1890
The opinion of the court was delivered by
This was an action in ejectment, brought by Alexander Winston against C. P. Burnell, to recover a quarter-section of land situate in Jewell county. The trial in the district court was with a jury, at the November term, 1887, and resulted in favor of the defendant.
The principal errors alleged by the plaintiff are based upon rulings of the court in charging the jury and upon the sufficiency of the evidence; but the condition of the record is such as to preclude an examination of some of the most important questions presented in the plaintiff’s brief. The record contains no recital that the copies of the pleadings found in the case-made are those which were filed in the district court, nor are any of the entries of the steps and proceedings taken in the case, and which appear to be copied in the record, properly described or identified. Although very defective in this respect, there is perhaps sufficient in the record, such as copies of file-marks, the titles to the various pleadings and orders, and the character of the subject-matter which they contain, to indicate that they belonged to and were filed as a part of the proceedings in the present case. We think there is at least sufficient in the record to resist the motion for a dismissal of the proceeding. We cannot, however, review the evidence to determine whether it is sufficient to sustain the verdict and judgment that were rendered, because the case-made as served contains no statement that it embraces all the testimony given on the trial. It has been repeatedly decided that a statement to that effect in the certificate of the judge, which is attached to the case-made, is not sufficient. (Eddy v. Weaver, 37 Kas. 540; Railroad Co. v. Grimes, 38 id. 241;
It appears that Burnell, who was in the possession of the land in controversy, joined with his wife in the execution of a conveyance of the same to the plaintiff. It was in the form of a warranty deed, but Burnell claimed that the conveyance was intended as a mortgage to secure an indebtedness of $1,000 due from him to the plaintiff. This is the main issue in the case, and. the evidence thereon is conflicting and unsatisfactory ; but in the absence of all the testimony, the approved verdict of the jury is conclusive.
Complaint is made, however, of the charge of the court in respect to the measure of proof necessary to sustain the defense of Burnell. The plaintiff asked for an instruction that parol testimony to establish that an absolute conveyance was intended as a mortgage must be positive, and so clear as to leave no doubt as to the intention of the parties. Instead of giving that instruction, the court charged that “the burden ■of proving by preponderance of the evidence that said deed was intended only to secure the payment of money rests upon the defendant; and unless he has proved this by a clear preponderance of the evidence, you will find for the plaintiff.” A higher and more satisfactory character of proof is required to establish that an instrument or conveyance is not what it purports to be than is necessary in ordinary civil cases. ' Generally, a mere preponderance is sufficient; but when parties deliberately execute a written conveyance, there is a strong presumption that it expresses their intentions, and more than a bare preponderance of parol proof is required to remove this presumption, and to show a contrary intention. Some of the courts declare that in such cases the proof must be “clear”; others that it must be “convincing”; others that it must be “satisfactory”; and still others that it must be “clear of all reasonable doubt.” These expressions substantially convey the same idea and require the same degree of proof. To establish a fact by the clear preponderance of the evidence,
There are numerous errors assigned on the refusal of instructions requested by the plaintiff, but these are not available. The record fails to show that all the instructions given are-preserved in the record, and therefore the court cannot say that those refused were not given, or that any error was committed by the refusal. See Kansas cases first above cited; also, Wilson v. Fuller, 9 Kas. 176; DaLee v. Blackburn, 11 id. 190; Ferguson v. Graves, 12 id. 39; Pac. Rld. Co. v. Brown, 14 id. 469; Bard v. Elston, 31 id. 274.
The objections to the ruling of the court on the admission of testimony are not material, and furnish no ground for a>. reversal.
The judgment of the district court will be affirmed.