65 Pa. 135 | Pa. | 1870
The opinion of the court was delivered May 5th 1871, by
The true question in this case seems not to have been brought to the attention of the learned court below, whose decision appears to have been rested on the effect of the Act of 14th April 1859, Pamph. L. 643. But the case does not fall within the scope of that act. The evidence shows that the obstruction which caused the injury to the plaintiffs’ vessel was an abandoned canal coal-barge, which had been wrecked somewhere in the upper waters of the Schuylkill, was brought down by a freshet and lodged
The preamble of the Act of 1859 recites “that frequent obstructions to the safe navigation of the Delaware and Schuylkill, within the tide-waters, do frequently occur by the smiting of canal boats, barges and other vessels trading on the said rivers, and there being no adequate remedy to compel the owner, master or other agents having eharge thereof, to raise and remove the same’ the act then enacts that it shall be the duty of the master warden of the port of Philadelphia, immediately on the information of the sinlcing of any canal-boat, barge, or other vessel in the channel-way of the tide-waters of the rivers within the limits of the port of Philadelphia, to give notice to the owner, ho., having charge thereof, to raise and remove such obstruction within ten days, under a penalty, he. In case of the refusal or neglect of the parties interested, he is then to raise and remove the boat or vessel at the expense of the owner, master, &e., and the boat and cargo are made subject to a lien for the expense. The master warden is also authorized to sell all such property at public sale for cash, to pay the expenses, returning the surplus to the owner, f” It is very clear these provisions do not apply to the sunken hulk described in the testimony. It was not a trading vessel, or a boat, or barge, capable of use, but an old and worthless wreck, which had drifted off and lodged and became embedded in the mud. It did not sink, within the letter or the spirit of the act, in the tidewater of the Schuylkill and the limits of the port of Philadelphia, but was brought down the river by a freshet. It had no owner, master, or agent having charge of it, but had been abandoned in the upper waters of the river. There were no parties interested ; it was not the subject of a lien, and could not be sold at any price, for it was utterly worthless — not fit even for firewood. Those who have noticed the rusty and mud-and-water-soaked timbers and planks of such a sunken hulk, can readily understand how" worthless they become. The evident intention of the Act of 1859 was to provide for the raising and removing of trading vessels, that is, those in use — vesselshaving some value, and having owners or other parties interested in them, who are liable to port regulations and can be reached. But a worthless wreck like this, abandoned by the owner and brought down by a flood, is not only valueless, and without a party interested in it, but the owner is absolutely not liable to raise or remove the hulk. The principle is stated in the 3d vol. Whart. Cr. Law, sec. 2406 (6th edition), where it is said: “ But if a ship or other vessel sink by accident in a river, although it obstruct the navigation, yet the owner is
There seem to be good reasons for this rule. When a vessel is lost by the act of God, or by accident, the owner suffers oftentimes great damage, and when she becomes a total loss, it seems to be a great hardship to add to his misfortune the duty of removing the wreck. It would discourage commerce to hold him to so severe a duty; for who would engage in trade, if, when he has lost his vessel, he might be forced to incur an expense of more than her original cost in removing the wreck from some difficult position ? If compelled by the accident to abandon his property, the duty of removal should rather fall on the public, who are interested in the navigation, than on him.
That this absence of liability on the part of the owner is commonly understood by the people of this state, is evident from the fact that her large rivers are often strewn with the wrecks of vessels, bridges and buildings, carried down by the floods and lodging among the rocks, in the sand, and along the shore, and yet no one thinks of a suit or indictment against the owners for not removing them. I can see no difference between the wrecks of vessels, and the ruins of mills, bridges and houses swept off by a freshet, and lodged in the waters below; yet no indictment or suit for not removing them has been sustained. Indeed, the reverse is stated by Gibson, C. J., in Lehigh Bridge Co. v. Lehigh Coal and Nav. Co., 4 Rawle 24, who says: “ When a loss happens exclusively from an act of Providence, it will not be pretended that it ought to be borne by him whose superstructure was made the immediate instrument of it.” The same doctrine was held in Roush v. Walter, 10 Watts 86. The owner of this abandoned wreck not being liable to remove it, or for injuries caused by it, the. next point is the liability of the city.
Whether at common law it was the duty of cities and towns to
The loss of the plaintiff would, therefore, fall upon himself had it happened in any other part of the state. But by the 28th section of the Consolidation Act, passed 2d February 1854, P. L. 21, it is made the duty of the city councils, “ after the requisite surveys and soundings thereto have been made, to fix the lines beyond which no wharf or pier shall be constructed, and to keep the navigable waters within said city for ever open and free from obstructions.” It is argued this duty is restricted to the space within the wharf lines. But this is opposed to the language of the act referring to the navigable waters which are to be kept open and free of obstructions. The navigable waters are evidently those outside of the wharf lines. The duty, therefore, is express, and the consequences of negligence rest on the city. What we have already said shows that the case not falling within the scope and intent of the Act of 1859, the duty under the Act of 1854 is not affected by the 2d section of the Act of 1859, repealing all laws inconsistent with the provisions of that act. The court below, therefore, erred in directing a nonsuit.
Judgment of nonsuit reversed, and a procedendo awarded.