244 N.W. 331 | Minn. | 1932
Lead Opinion
The respondent moves to discharge the order to show cause on three grounds, viz. (a) That this court has no jurisdiction of the subject matter of the controversy; (b) that the petition presents no justiciable question; and (c) that the facts stated in the petition and affidavit do not entitle the granting of the relief prayed. *80
In the brief respondent asserts, first, that this court is without jurisdiction under G. S. 1923 (1 Mason, 1927) § 347; and, secondly, that courts have not jurisdiction of the subject matter. Section 347 reads:
"Whenever it shall appear by affidavit presented to any judge of the supreme court or district court that an error or omission has occurred in the printing of the name or description of any candidate on official ballots, or that any other error has been committed in preparing or printing the ballots, or that the president or secretary of any convention has failed to properly make or file any certificate of nomination, or that the canvassing board of any primary election has failed to make and certify any nomination, or that the name of any person has been wrongfully placed upon the ballots as a candidate, such judge shall immediately order the officer or person charged with the error or neglect to forthwith correct the same, or perform his duty, or show cause why such error should not be corrected or such duty performed."
This is substantially the same statute as G. S. 1894, § 48, and G. S. 1913, § 357, providing for a summary correction of ballots to be used at elections; and this court entertained original jurisdiction thereunder in Higgins v. Berg,
The second point made by respondent is that the court has not jurisdiction of the subject matter. It must be conceded settled by *81
McConaughy v. Secretary of State,
Another case indicating that this court has the power to coerce an official to perform a ministerial duty by means of the prerogative writs of mandamus and injunction, where matters of great public interest are involved, is State ex rel. Bolens v. Frear,
We must therefore consider the petition on the merits, that is: Does the proposed amendment, L. 1931, p. 617, c. 420, contain two alterations or amendments? If it does, the last sentence of art. 14, § 1, of the constitution forbids its submission. It reads:
"If two or more alterations or amendments shall be submitted at the same time it shall be so regulated that the voters shall vote for or against each separately."
Where similar language exists in state constitutions courts have declared the requirement mandatory. People ex rel. Elder v. Sours,
The title to L. 1931, p. 617, c. 420, is:
"An act proposing an amendment to section
The first section of the chapter provides that the proposed amendment shall take the place of art. 9, § 1, relating to taxation, so that if approved by the people § 1 of said article shall read thus:
"Section 1. The power of taxation shall never be surrendered, suspended or contracted away. Taxes shall be uniform upon the same class of subjects, and shall be levied and collected for public *83 purposes, but public burying grounds, public school houses, public hospitals, academies, colleges, universities, and all seminaries of learning, all churches, church property and houses of worship, institutions of purely public charity, and public property used exclusively for any public purpose, shall be exempt from taxation, and there may be exempted from taxation personal property not exceeding in value $200, for each household, individual or head of a family, as the legislature may determine. The legislature may enact any lawrequired to make the taxation of national banking associationsconform to the laws of the United States. Taxes may be imposedupon incomes and on franchises and privileges measured byincome, including income, franchises and privileges of railroadcompanies, which may be classified, and which taxes may begraduated and progressive, and the legislature may prescribereasonable exemptions, and such taxes may be in lieu, in wholeor in part, of taxes on any class or classes of real orpersonal property as the legislature may determine. It shallnot be necessary to submit to a vote of the people any lawimposing a tax upon the income, franchises or privileges ofrailroad companies. Any and all provisions of the constitutionof this State inconsistent herewith are hereby repealed. Provided, that the legislature may authorize municipal corporations to levy and collect assessments for local improvements upon property benefited thereby without regard to a cash valuation, and provided further, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to affect, modify or repeal any existing law providing for the taxation of the gross earnings of railroads."
The portion in italics is new; the rest is § 1 as it now stands. Petitioner insists that the first sentence of the portion in italics is a separate and unrelated alteration or amendment to what follows in italics. If that be so, the above quoted provision from art. 14, § 1, forbids its submission as one amendment. Frankly, petitioner admits that although what follows the first sentence in italics may be separated into several propositions, yet all are germane or incident to income taxation and hence are comprehended in only one amendment. Courts have announced certain rules or principles by *84
which to determine whether or not a proposed amendment contains more than one alteration or amendment. No great divergence is found in the language in which these rules are stated. The difficulty comes in the application to the concrete case. In State ex rel. Hudd v. Timme,
"We think amendments to the constitution, which the section above quoted requires shall be submitted separately, must be construed to mean amendments which have different objects and purposes in view. In order to constitute more than one amendment, the propositions submitted must relate to more than one subject, and have at least two distinct and separate purposes not dependent upon or connected with each other."
In Jones v. McClaughry,
"While not more than a single subject is to be covered by an amendment, some latitude necessarily must be indulged in ascertaining the real subject touched and the purpose to be accomplished; and within proper limitations, the legislature may exercise discretion in defining the subject matter to be included in a proposed amendment. This is necessarily involved in the power of proposing amendments to the Constitution conferred on that body."
The court, in People ex rel. Elder v. Sours,
"That an amendment may embrace more than one subject. That if an amendment embraces more than one subject, said subjects need not be separately submitted if they are germane to the general subject of the amendment, and if they are so connected with or dependent upon the general subject that it might not be desirable that one be adopted and not the other."
State ex rel. City of Fargo v. Wetz,
"Perhaps this might be true, but amendments to the Constitution are not to be analyzed until each idea that enters into a composite thought or purpose is made to stand out dissevered from every other idea with which it is related. * * * This is not the test of the singleness of an amendment. The controlling consideration is the singleness of the purpose and the relationship to the general subject."
The court [
"If, in the light of common sense, the propositions have to do with different subjects, if they are so essentially unrelated that their association is artificial, they are not one; but if they may be logically viewed as parts or aspects of a single plan, then the constitutional requirement is met in their submission as one amendment."
It is not necessary to consider whether or not as art. 9, § 1, now stands any further amendment to the constitution is necessary in order to tax incomes or national banks, for it must be conceded that the constitution may be amended even though the legislature had adequate authority to enact desired legislation on the subject without such amendment. Since the legislature is invested with the power to propose amendments, their scope and form must be left to it within reasonable limits. Any amendment of art. 9, § 1, necessarily relates to the subject of taxation. And it fairly may be asserted that the object and purpose of L. 1931, p. 617, c. 420 — the proposed amendment — is to widen the field of taxation and as incidental *86
thereto make the procedure more elastic than at present. Any new source of taxation affects existing sources, at least as to the amount required to be raised. Therefore there is nothing incongruous in connecting authority to tax incomes with authority to tax national banks in conformity to federal law. In fact, as to national banks, there is no obstacle now, except to provide a method which does not conflict with federal statutes and decisions. The petitioner forcibly contends that taxing incomes is a new revenue measure in this state, not related or germane to the methods of taxation hitherto in vogue or to the taxation of national banking associations. And it may be conceded that in a measure this contention is sustained by such cases as McBee v. Brady,
From the decisions above cited it appears that courts are slow to conclude that the legislature has proposed a constitutional amendment containing two or more alterations or amendments in violation of such a provision as we have in the last sentence of art. 14, § 1. Courts defer somewhat to the judgment of the legislature upon that proposition. It is not enough that a proposed amendment contains several propositions which could have been submitted in separate amendments. But the changes proposed must be independent and unrelated so as not to fit in with the one general aim or purpose of the amendment framed. It is true that taxing incomes is entirely distinct from taxing national banks; but all state and local taxation is employed for the single purpose of carrying on the functions and activities of state and municipal government. Art. 9, § 1, is the main constitutional limitation upon the otherwise unlimited power of taxation vested in the legislature — except art. 4, § 32a (relating to repeal of gross earnings tax statutes applicable to railways); art. 9, § 1A (occupation tax); art. 9, § 5 (gasolene tax); and art. 16, § 3 (motor vehicle tax). Drew v. Tifft,
When art. 9, § 1, was adopted in 1906, not only was § 1 as it previously read altered as to several separate provisions, but a separate amendment authorizing the inheritance or succession tax was dropped out, and §§ 2, 3, 4, and 17 of the same article were repealed.
In all subsequent litigation regarding taxation no question has been raised that the amendment of 1906 — the now existing art. 9, § 1 — contained two or more separate amendments or alterations. The people have apparently acquiesced in its being a part of the constitution, taking the place of several distinct propositions therein regarding the subject of taxation. It certainly is incumbent on this court to avoid rendering a decision herein which would invite an attack upon a part of the constitution that has stood unquestioned for over a quarter of a century, unless compelled by clear and convincing reasons. As the object and purpose of the amendment of 1906 was to remove the limitations in regard to taxation which bound the legislature by the provisions of art. 9 as it stood prior thereto, so we think it fairly may be said that the object and purpose of the amendment proposed by L. 1931, p. 617, c. 420, is to widen the field for taxation, and as a mere incident thereto to make more elastic the method of procedure so as to tax national banking associations conformably to federal statutes. So viewed, we think the proposed amendment does not violate the last proviso in art. 14, § 1.
Logically the initiative and referendum are separate and independent propositions and different in purpose. But the courts, in the several decisions above cited where that question arose, uniformly hold against the contentions that the two propositions could not be submitted as one proposed amendment to a state constitution having a provision of the same import as the one we have.
The order to show cause is discharged and the proceeding dismissed.
Concurrence Opinion
I agree in the first two propositions dealt with by Mr. Justice Holt. In deference mainly to the opinion of my associates, I concur *88 in the result also. But I do feel that we should make it plain that a multifarious proposition to amend the constitution will not be sustained simply because, although there are several distinct "alterations or amendments," they will yet be held a unit solely because all, if adopted, will operate within one of the three great fields of government power — those of taxation, eminent domain, or police.
Concurrence Opinion
I agree with Mr. Justice Stone.
