193 P.3d 946 | Nev. | 2008
Lead Opinion
OPINION
By the Court,
In this appeal and cross-appeal, we primarily consider whether actual losses resulting from the conversion of inventory include the value of a lost business. We conclude that full recovery for actual losses includes not only the converted inventory, but also resulting damages such as the value of a lost business.
FACTS
Appellant/cross-respondent Calvin Winchell, d/b/a CGL Seafood, Inc., owned and operated a wholesale fresh fish business in Las Vegas, Nevada. Winchell’s business grew from $36,780 in sales in 1996 to $759,711 in 2000. With such dramatic growth,
Respondent/cross-appellant Renate Schiff, Trustee of Schiff Properties, owned a cold storage facility and offered to lease a portion of that space to Winchell. Winchell accepted her offer, and the parties executed a two-year lease agreement that expired in December 2000. Under the terms of the agreement, Winchell was required to indemnify Schiff and maintain insurance for the mutual benefit of Schiff and Winchell. Additionally, the agreement provided that Schiff and her agents were permitted to enter the storage space at any reasonable time for inspection or maintenance purposes.
A few months before the lease was set to expire, on August 21, 2000, while Winchell was out of town, Schiff s property manager, Beryl Duncan, became concerned that Winchell may have abandoned the premises. Having had prior experience with tenants abandoning cold storage units, turning the power off, and leaving unrefrigerated fish behind, Duncan was apparently concerned about whether the electricity had been shut off. Accordingly, Duncan attempted to contact Winchell by telephone, to no avail.
Duncan subsequently determined that it was necessary to inspect the storage unit. To gain access into the unit, Duncan hired a locksmith and directed him to drill out and replace the locks. As the locksmith pried the door to the storage unit open, the security alarm was triggered. Duncan immediately directed the locksmith to cut the wires and disable the alarm. Despite the locksmith having cut the wires, the system was still able to accurately record subsequent unauthorized entries because the locksmith had only disabled the audible portion of the alarm. Once inside the storage unit, Duncan conducted a preliminary inspection and verified that the electricity was on. According to one of Schiff s representatives, the storage unit was full of inventory. Following the inspection, the locksmith secured the storage unit and provided Duncan with the new set of keys.
Winchell returned to Las Vegas on August 23, 2000. Upon arriving at the storage unit, Winchell quickly discovered that the locks had been changed. Winchell immediately called Schiff and the police. Shortly thereafter, Schiff s representatives and the police arrived at the storage unit. Upon entering, Winchell noticed that somewhere between $30,000 and $45,000 worth of inventory had been removed. A review of the alarm records revealed that an unaccounted for entry was made on the morning of August 23, 2000. Winchell filed a claim under his insurance policy and received $33,084 in compensation for the lost inventory.
According to Winchell, this disruption in Winchell’s supply led to the demise of his business in October 2000, approximately two
Prior to trial, the district court granted Winchell’s motion in limine to exclude information relating to collateral sources of payment, such as insurance proceeds. At the conclusion of Winchell’s case in chief, Schiff moved in open court for judgment as a matter of law pursuant to NRCP 50 on each of Winchell’s causes of action. The district court granted the motion in part and dismissed the claims for breach of quiet enjoyment, breach of contract, and trespass, as well as the request for punitive damages.
As to conversion, Winchell argued that he was entitled to full compensation for his actual losses, including an award of damages equal to the amount of his converted inventory and lost business. The jury responded with an award of $210,000 in actual damages. The jury also awarded Schiff $2,880 for Winchell’s breach of the lease agreement.
Following the jury’s verdict, the district court denied Schiff’s motion to offset the damages by the amount that Winchell received as insurance proceeds. The district court also denied Schiff’s motion for a new trial under NRCP 59, and entered judgment on the jury’s verdict. This appeal and cross-appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
On appeal, Winchell argues that the district court erred in entering judgment as a matter of law on his claims for breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment and trespass, and in denying his request for punitive damages. On cross-appeal, Schiff asserts that substantial evidence does not support the jury’s findings and that, even if the findings were supported, the court should have remitted the award to exclude amounts relating to loss of business and offset the damages by the amount that Winchell received as insurance proceeds. With respect to the damages awarded on her breach of contract claim, Schiff asserts the district court abused its discretion in denying her motion for additur or a new trial because the award was clearly inadequate. After addressing whether substantial
Conversion
On cross-appeal, Schiff contends that substantial evidence does not support the jury’s finding with regard to Winchell’s conversion claim. “Substantial evidence is evidence that a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.”
At trial, evidence was presented showing that Schiff’s agent, Beryl Duncan, exerted dominion over Winchell’s storage unit by directing the locksmith to replace the locks and disable the alarm system. In addition, evidence showed that Schiff’s representatives were the only people who had access to the storage unit after the locks were changed and that it was during this period of Schiff’s exclusive control when Winchell’s inventory was removed.
From that evidence, the jury could have reasonably inferred that Schiff wrongfully exerted dominion over Winchell’s storage unit and inventory, which was in derogation of his rights in the property. Therefore, we conclude that substantial evidence supports the jury’s finding that Schiff was liable for conversion.
Schiff alternatively argues that even if substantial evidence supports Winchell’s conversion claim, the jury’s award of $210,000
During trial, Winchell testified that the fair market value of his business was approximately $500,000. This testimony was supported by documentary evidence in the form of numerous profit and loss statements, and federal income tax returns. In Bader v. Cerri, we noted that the full value of the property at the time of conversion is an appropriate measure of damages when the defendant is unable or unwilling to return the property.
Here, the record reveals that the conversion of Winchell’s inventory resulted in the demise of his wholesale fresh fish business. No interference can be more serious than one that results in the termination of another’s business. Accordingly, we conclude that Winchell is entitled to the value of his lost business and the lost inventory’s value as compensation for his actual losses, which the jury determined was worth approximately $210,000 on the day of the conversion.
Collateral source
We now turn to Schiff’s argument that the district court abused its discretion by refusing to offset the award of damages by $33,084, the amount Winchell recovered under the insurance policy. Before trial, the district court advised the parties that evidence of a collateral source of payment would not be admissible. Following the jury’s verdict, however, the district court held that the collateral source rule precluded any offset for the amount Winchell recovered from insurance. We disagree.
The collateral source rule is a per se rule that bars the admission of a collateral source of payment for a loss or injury into evidence
In this case, we are not convinced that Winchell’s recovery under the insurance policy was from a source wholly independent of the tortfeasor. However, regardless of whether Winchell’s recovery was from an independent source, he was contractually obligated to make the insurance proceeds available to Schiff for any losses arising from his use of the premises.
Judgment as a matter of law
Winchell challenges the district court’s ruling that Schiff was entitled to judgment as a matter of law on Winchell’s claims for breach of quiet enjoyment and trespass, and denying his request for punitive damages. Under NRCP 50(a)(1), the district court may grant a motion for judgment as a matter of law if the nonmoving party “has failed to prove a sufficient issue for the jury.” Similarly, the district court may deny the motion if the nonmoving party has presented sufficient evidence such that the jury could grant relief
Breach of quiet enjoyment
Winchell contends that the district court erred in granting judgment as a matter of law on his cause of action for breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment. The purpose of the covenant of quiet enjoyment is to secure tenants against the acts or hindrances of landlords.
Under the lease agreement, Schiff and her agents were permitted to enter Winchell’s storage unit at any reasonable time for the purpose of inspection or maintenance. Relying on this lease provision, the district court found that Schiff’s entry into Winchell’s storage unit was reasonable. We agree with that conclusion.
In this case, Winchell could not show that he was constructively evicted because he voluntarily surrendered any right to refuse Schiff’s reasonable entry under the terms of the lease. Accordingly, the district court did not err in granting judgment as a matter of law on the cause of action for breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment.
Trespass
Similarly, we conclude that the district court was correct in granting judgment as a matter of law on Winchell’s trespass claim because Schiff’s entry into the storage facility was reasonable and permitted under the terms of the lease agreement. A tenant
As previously noted, Schiff reserved the right of entry into the storage unit during all reasonable times for the purpose of inspection or maintenance. Winchell provided no evidence suggesting that Schiff’s entry was not for the exclusive purpose of inspecting the unit to ensure that the electricity was still running. Accordingly, we conclude that the district court was correct in dismissing Winchell’s cause of action for trespass.
Punitive damages
Winchell also asserts that Schiff’s conduct was oppressive. Under Nevada law, punitive damages may be awarded when the plaintiff proves fraud, malice, or oppression by clear and convincing evidence.
“Oppression” means despicable conduct that subjects a person to cruel and unjust hardship with conscious disregard of the rights of the person.
NRS 42.001(1) provides that:
“Conscious disregard” means the knowledge of the probable harmful consequences of a wrongful act and a willful and deliberate failure to act to avoid those consequences.
Thus, the district court has discretion to determine whether the party’s conduct merits punitive damages as a matter of law.
Additur
Following trial, Schiff moved for additur regarding the jury’s award of damages on her breach of contract claim. She now challenges the district court’s refusal to grant additur. Specifically,
“[A]dditur is a just, speedy, efficient, and inexpensive vehicle to correct an inadequate jury verdict.”
Schiff contends that the jury’s award of $2,880 was clearly inadequate because the award did not account for the damages resulting from the cleaning, repairing, and re-renting of the storage unit, as Schiff submitted evidence during trial that the damages resulting from Winchell’s early termination of the lease amounted to $10,339.42.
Winchell responded with evidence that Schiff hired independent maintenance staff for the sole purpose of billing Winchell for the cleanup. In addition, Winchell was able to demonstrate that Schiff waited several months before attempting to clean and re-rent the storage unit. Accordingly, we conclude that it was within the province of the jury to reject Schiff’s evidence of additional damages. Therefore, the jury’s award of $2,880 was not clearly inadequate and additur was not warranted. Additionally, we conclude that the parties remaining arguments are without merit.
CONCLUSION
We conclude that substantial evidence supports Winchell’s claim for conversion and the jury’s award of actual damages for the re-
Further, additur is not warranted in this case because Schiff’s evidence as to additional damages was sufficiently undermined during trial. However, the jury’s award of damages for Winchell’s actual losses should have been offset by $33,084, the amount Winchell recovered under the insurance policy. Finally, we conclude that a new trial is not warranted here. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court in part, reverse in part, and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
On appeal, Winchell does not contest the dismissal of his breach of contract claim and thus we need not address it.
First Interstate Bank v. Jafbros Auto Body, 106 Nev. 54, 56, 787 P.2d 765, 767 (1990) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
See Edwards v. Emperor’s Garden Rest., 122 Nev. 317, 328, 130 P.3d 1280, 1287 (2006) (citing Wantz v. Redfield, 74 Nev. 196, 326 P.2d 413 (1958)).
Evans v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 116 Nev. 598, 606, 5 P.3d 1043, 1048 (2000).
Schiff also maintains that her agent’s entry into the storage facility was justified under the circumstances. We do not address that issue, however, because conversion does not require a showing of wrongful intent. See id.
96 Nev. 352, 356, 609 P.2d 314, 317 (1980), overruled on other grounds by Evans, 116 Nev. at 608, 611, 5 P.3d at 1050-51.
Id.; see also O’Meara v. North American Mining Co., 2 Nev. 112, 124 (1866) (concluding in response to a petition for rehearing that “the owner of the property wrongfully converted or detained shall receive as a measure of damage the market value of the article at the time of the conversion, together with any damage which he is proven to have sustained from the loss of its possession”).
Proctor v. Castelletti, 112 Nev. 88, 90 & n.l, 911 P.2d 853, 854 & n.l (1996).
Bass-Davis v. Davis, 122 Nev. 442, 454, 134 P.3d 103, 110 (2006) (recognizing that collateral source evidence is generally prohibited because it prejudices the jury and greatly increases the likelihood that the jury will reduce an award of damages because it knows the plaintiff is already receiving compensation).
Proctor, 112 Nev. at 90 n.l, 911 P.2d at 854 n.l (quoting Hrnjak v. Graymar, Incorporated, 484 P.2d 599, 602 (Cal. 1971)).
The indemnity provision provides, in pertinent part:
During the entire term of this Lease, the Tenant shall, at the Tenant’s sole cost and expense, but for the mutual benefit of Landlord and Tenant, maintain general public liability insurance against claims for personal injury, death or property damage occurring in, upon or about the demised premises and on any sidewalks directly adjacent to the demised premises.
All such policies of insurance shall be issued in the name of Tenant and Landlord and for the mutual and joint benefit and protection of the parties, and such policies of insurance or copies thereof shall be delivered to the Landlord.
Fernandez v. Admirand, 108 Nev. 963, 968, 843 P.2d 354, 358 (1992).
Nelson v. Heer, 123 Nev. 217, 222, 163 P.3d 420, 424 (2007).
Banks v. Sunrise Hospital, 120 Nev. 822, 839, 102 P.3d 52, 64 (2004).
See Ripps v. Kline, 70 Nev. 510, 513, 275 P.2d 381, 382 (1954).
Carder, Inc. v. Cash, 97 P.3d 174, 184 (Colo. Ct. App. 2003); McNamara v. Wilmington Mall Realty Corp., 466 S.E.2d 324, 328-29 (N.C. Ct. App. 1996).
See 52A C.J.S. Landlord and Tenant § 721 (2003); 49 Am. Jur. 2d Landlord and Tenant § 437 (2006).
See NRS 42.005.
Countrywide Home Loans v. Thitchener, 124 Nev. 725, 739-40, 192 P.3d 243, 252-53 (2008).
Drummond v. Mid-West Growers, 91 Nev. 698, 712 n.8, 542 P.2d 198, 207 n.8 (1975).
Id. at 712, 542 P.2d at 208.
Id.
On appeal, Schiff contends that a new trial is warranted due to Winchell’s improper references to insurance coverage on direct examination and during closing arguments. Having thoroughly reviewed the record, we conclude that any error exhibited by Winchell’s improper reference to his insurance coverage on direct examination was harmless. In addition, Schiff failed to raise a timely objection to the statements made by Winchell during closing arguments. “When die party has not objected to the complained-of conduct, the district court should generally deem this issue to be waived.” Lioce v. Cohen, 124 Nev. 1, 19, 174 P.3d 970, 981 (2008). Consequently, we conclude that the district court properly denied Schiff’s motion for a new trial.
Concurrence in Part
concurring in part and dissenting in part:
I concur with the majority in all respects, except for one. I dissent from the majority’s conclusion that substantial evidence supports the jury’s award for Winchell’s loss of business.
A jury has broad latitude to determine the award of damages in tort cases; however, the jury’s award must be supported by substantial evidence.
Likewise, “[a] party to a lawsuit may testify as to the value of [his] personal or real property when that value is an issue in the case, and expert testimony is not required.”
Thus, there was no evidentiary basis upon which the jury could make a resonably accurate award of damages of $210,000. Nothing in the record provided the jury with a method to adjust the value of Winchell’s opinion that the business was worth $500,000. Moreover, the jury could not have reasonably calculated $210,000 by relying on exhibits showing profit and loss which were not used for and did not calculate the business worth. Therefore, I would reverse the judgment of the district court as to the jury’s awarded damages of $210,000.
Quintero v. McDonald, 116 Nev. 1181, 1183, 14 P.3d 522, 523 (2000) (citing Prabhu v. Levine, 112 Nev. 1538, 1543, 930 P.2d 103, 107 (1996)).
Truck Ins. Exch. v. Palmer J. Swanson, Inc., 124 Nev. 629, 633, 189 P.3d 656, 659 (2008) (quoting McClanahan v. Raley’s, Inc., 117 Nev. 921, 924, 34 P.3d 573, 576 (2001) (quoting State, Emp. Security v. Hilton Hotels, 102 Nev. 606, 608, 729 P.2d 497, 498 (1986))).
Mort Wallin of Lake Tahoe, Inc. v. Commerical Cabinet Co., Inc., 105 Nev. 855, 857, 784 P.2d 954, 955 (1989).
Id.
Dugan v. Gotsopoulos, 117 Nev. 285, 288, 22 P.3d 205, 207 (2001).
City of Elko v. Zillich, 100 Nev. 366, 371, 683 P.2d 5, 8 (1984); Dep’t of Hwys. v. Wells Cargo, Inc., 82 Nev. 82, 85-86, 411 P.2d 120, 121-22 (1966).