9 Colo. 614 | Colo. | 1886
A stock of merchandise constituted the larger part of the property covered by the chattel mortgage. The instrument contained a provision authorizing the mortgagor, until default, to retain the possession,-use and enjoyment of the property mortgaged. It is difficult to understand how the mortgagor could “use and enjoy” a stock of merchandise, without selling or disposing of the same. But we shall assume that the instrument contains no language affecting its validity. The testimony of the mortgagee himself establishes the following facts, viz.: That, after the mortgage was executed and delivered, the mortgagor continued to sell and dispose of goods from the stock included, in the ordinary and regular course of trade; that he applied none of the proceeds from such sales to the payment of the notes secured by the mortgage, but retained the same for his own use and benefit; and that these things were done with the full knowledge and consent of the mortgagee. This sale of goods and disposition of the proceeds with the mortgagee’s consent were acts, wholly at variance with the idea of security, fundamental to such transactions, — acts which were inconsistent with the purposes of chattel mortgage statutes, and stamped upon the entire transaction a brand of bad faith difficult of satisfactory explanation.
Upon the foregoing position the authorities are in perfect accord; but not so as to the following question: Do
At common law, personal property could only be made security for a debt by actual delivery into the creditor’s custody. To obviate the inconvenience thus arising, and to meet the growing demands of trade, statutes similar to ours were enacted, authorizing the debtor until default upon compliance therewith, to retain the possession, use and enjoyment of the property mortgaged. Under these statutes, when complied with, the mortgagee’s lien is good for a specified period, even though there be no change of possession. But such statutes were never intended to sanction the entire' destruction of the thing itself, or its value, constituting the security. The use and enjoyment mentioned are a use and enjoyment not inconsistent with the continued protection of the mortgagee ' and other creditors of the mortgagor. When the mortgagee stipulates, either in the mortgage or out of it, that the mortgagor may sell the very thing composing his security, and retain the proceeds, he thereby destroys every vestige of a valid statutory or common-law mortgage, and leaves himself in no better position than if it had not been executed. , Besides, the inevitable tendency of the transaction is disastrous to other creditors of the mortgagor; for the effect is to hinder and delay áuch creditors, while the mortgagor makes way with the property, and leaves
The position that the motive of the mortgagor and mortgagee should, under such circumstances as those before us, remain a question of fact to be determined by a jury upon all the evidence, is taken in able and ingenious opinions;' but when carefully analyzed, it will be found that these opinions are based more upon considerations of probable hardship and inconvenience in' individual cases than upon solid principles of law, .or broad and intelligent grounds of public policy. We shall not review or discuss these cases, or those supporting the conclusions adopted, but content ourselves by referring counsel to the very thorough and learned consideration thereof by Mr. Pierce in his excellent work on Mortgages of Merchandise. See, also, Bank v. Goodrich, 3 Colo. 139.
We do not hold that a mortgage upon merchandise permitting the mortgagor to continue the sale of goods, but requiring him to apply the proceeds in discharge of the debt secured, is void as-to his other creditors. The validity of such mortgages, the transaction being bona fide, is upheld by many well-considered decisions. In such cases the value of the security suffers no diminution, except as the debt secured is itself diminished. The transaction is not unlike the delivery of goods in payment of the debt of a preferred creditor; since the aggregate of the mortgagor’s indebtedness is reduced, and since he may pay whom he will, the unpreferred creditors ai-e held to suffer no legal wrong.
The mortgage in the case at bar, being void as to creditors, could not, in our judgment, strengthen the possession taken by the mortgagee. A void instrument cannot
The fact that other property besides merchandise was included in the mortgage does not affect the result. There are cases which hold that such an instrument may be void in part and in part valid. Barnet v, Fergus, 51 Ill. 352; In re Kahley, 2 Biss. 383; Re Kirkbride, 5 Dill. 116. But we are inclined to accept and apply the doctrine, elsewhere announced, that, if the mortgage be void as to a portion of the property mentioned therein, it is void altogether. Horton v. Williams, 21 Minn. 187; Russell v. Winne, 31 N. Y. 591. It is the agreement to sell, retaining the proceeds, or .the act of selling with the mortgagee’s consent, and retention of the proceeds, that invalidates the transaction. Whether this agreement or this act relate to one part of the property mortgaged or another is a matter of little significance. In a case like the one at bar, where there is no express agreement, why should the mortgage be held good as to fixtures, but void as to the goods remaining unsold? It may be that no more goods- would have been disposed of. And it may be that had things remained in statu quo, and Yoight returned, he would have proceeded to sell the fixtures. If, under a contract providing for the sale of merchandise, the mortgage may remain valid as to fixtures and other property, it should follow that when the contract related
The judgment is reversed.
Reversed;