Lead Opinion
A jury convicted Marion Wilson, Jr. of malice murder, felony murder, armed robbery, hijacking a motor vehicle, possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime, and possession of a sawed-
The evidence at trial showed that on the night of March 28, 1996, the victim, Donovan Corey Parks, entered a local Wal-Mart to purchase cat food, leaving his 1992 Acura Vigor parked in the fire lane directly in front of the store. Witnesses observed Wilson and Robert Earl Butts standing behind Parks in one of the store’s checkout lines and, shortly thereafter, speaking with Parks beside his automobile. A witness overheard Butts ask Parks for a ride, and several witnesses observed Wilson and Butts entering Parks’s automobile, Butts in the front passenger seat and Wilson in the back seat. Minutes later, Parks’s body was discovered lying face down on a residential street. Nearby residents testified to hearing a loud noise they had assumed to be a backfiring engine and to seeing the headlights of a vehicle driving from the scene. On the night of the murder, law enforcement officers took inventory of the vehicles in the Wal-Mart parking lot. Butts’s automobile was among the vehicles remaining in the lot overnight. Based upon the statements of witnesses at the WalMart, Wilson was arrested. A search of Wilson’s residence yielded a sawed-off shotgun loaded with the type of ammunition used to kill Parks, three notebooks of handwritten gang “creeds,” secret alphabets, symbols, and lexicons, and a photo of a young man displaying a gang hand sign.
Wilson gave several statements to law enforcement officers and rode in an automobile with officers indicating stops he and Butts had made in the victim’s automobile after the murder. According to Wilson’s statements, Butts had pulled out a sawed-off shotgun, had ordered Parks to drive to and then stop on Felton Drive, had ordered Parks to exit the automobile and lie on the ground, and had shot
1. Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, we find that the evidence introduced at trial was sufficient to enable a rational trier of fact to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Wilson was guilty of the crimes of which he was convicted and to find beyond a reasonable doubt the existence of a statutory aggravating circumstance. Jackson v. Virginia,
The same standard of review of the evidence is applicable to the denial of the defendant’s motion for a directed verdict. Miller v. State,
2. Wilson claims that his rights to freedom of speech and freedom of association were violated during the penalty phase of his trial by the introduction of evidence showing his involvement with the Folks gang.
3. Wilson contends that the trial court allowed improper expert testimony about gangs during the sentencing phase of his trial. The testimony in question was not objected to at trial and cannot now be complained of on appeal. Id.
4. Wilson claims that self-inculpatory statements allegedly made by Robert Earl Butts to three of Butts’s fellow inmates were made “during the pendency of the criminal project” (OCGA § 24-3-5) in which Wilson and Butts had been engaged as co-conspirators and, therefore, that those alleged statements should have been admitted during the guilt/innocence phase of Wilson’s trial. The trial court excluded the evidence on the basis that any conspiracy between Wilson and Butts ended when Wilson gave statements to law enforcement officers revealing certain details of the crime and seeking to place blame for the murder on Butts. While we agree with the trial court that any conspiracy between Butts and Wilson ended upon Wilson’s statements to authorities (Crowder v. State,
Furthermore, although this type of hearsay evidence is generally inadmissible (see Timberlake v. State, supra at (1)), under the principles set forth by this Court in Drane v. State,
must make a proffer in which the reliability and necessity of the hearsay evidence are thoroughly set out, and the trial court’s ruling must reflect consideration of the proffered evidence and a determination that the evidence does or does not show “persuasive assurances of trustworthiness,” or was made under circumstances providing considerable assurance of its reliability.
Despite being tried approximately one year after the Turner ruling was issued, Wilson, the hearsay proponent at trial, did not utilize the procedures set forth in Turner and did not obtain a ruling from the trial court evidencing its consideration of the proffered hearsay evidence under Turner. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in failing to address whether, under the standards set forth in Green, Chambers, and Drane, the hearsay evidence in question was sufficiently reliable, relevant, and necessary to require its admission in the guilt/innocence phase of Wilson’s trial.
5. Wilson contends that the trial court erred in not striking certain jurors for cause. We find no reversible error in the trial court’s rulings.
(a) Juror James Peugh, a former defense attorney, stated during his individual voir dire that he believed “99.9 percent of [criminal defendants] were guilty. . . .” The trial court denied a defense motion that the juror be stricken for cause, finding the juror had “rehabilitated himself” by stating in three separate responses that he thought he could be fair. Whether to strike a juror for cause lies within the sound discretion of the trial court (Holmes v. State,
(b) Juror John Mayzes had casually conversed with the victim about the Bible three times in Juror Mayzes’s front yard but was otherwise completely unacquainted with the victim. Wilson did not move to strike Juror Mayzes for cause, and we find the trial court did not err by not striking him sua sponte. See Mize v. State, supra at (6)
(c); Spencer v. State,
(c) Juror Henry Craig stated in his individual voir dire that his son and daughter had repeated to him statements of persons associated with the Sheriff’s Department that indicated the Sheriff was confident regarding the identity of the killer. However, the juror clearly stated that he had not formed an opinion about the guilt or innocence of the defendant, and both defense counsel and the trial court questioned the juror as to his ability to disregard the hearsay statements and to consider only the evidence presented at trial. Accordingly, we find no error in the trial court’s denial of the defendant’s motion to strike the juror for cause. Bright v. State, supra at (8); Waters v. State, supra; Tennon v. State,
(d) Wilson complains that, because the victim had worked as a corrections officer, the trial court erred in denying his motion to strike for cause all jurors who either worked for or who had relatives who worked for the Department of Corrections. Blanket disqualification of jurors based solely upon their membership in a group to which the victim belonged is not required. Jordan v. State,
6. Wilson contends the trial court erred by not being present while the jury viewed the crime scene. Prior to the jury view, the defendant, the State, and the trial court agreed upon the procedure to be employed. The jury was to ride on a bus that would pause momentarily at the scene. The defense objected to having the trial judge travel on the bus with the jury, and the trial court acceded to the objection. The issue of whether the trial judge would follow in a separate vehicle was not discussed. The trial court dismissed the jury from the courtroom to board the bus with instructions that no one was to point at anything or to discuss anything at the scene and with instructions that they were to recognize their arrival at the crime scene based on their memory of the street names discussed at trial and by the momentary pause of the bus. The defendant and his counsel attended the jury view by following the bus in separate vehicles. No jury members left the bus at the scene.
Following the jury view, the defendant raised no objection to the jury view, including the apparent absence of the trial judge, and the defendant did not move for a mistrial. In his appeal, the defendant has not set forth any purported irregularity in the jury view, other than the trial judge’s absence, despite the fact that he and his counsel were present at the jury view and enjoyed a vantage point that, given his objection to having the trial judge ride on the bus, was equivalent to that which the trial judge would have had if he had followed in a separate vehicle.
We find that the trial judge should have attended the jury view, even though his role at the jury view would have been minimal given the defendant’s objection to the trial judge’s presence on the bus. The absence of the trial judge from trial proceedings is reversible error when it is objected to and when it results in some harm. Horne v. Rogers,
7. The defendant contends that the charge given to the jury regarding a defendant’s mere presence during the commission of a crime was potentially misleading, despite the fact that it was read
8. Wilson contends that the trial court erred by failing to provide for opening statements at the beginning of the sentencing phase and by giving inadequate guidance to the jury in the sentencing phase. We disagree. Allowing opening statements at the beginning of the sentencing phase is the better practice, but it is not required. Smith v. State,
9. Wilson contends that the trial court’s failure to charge the jury a second time on the credibility of witnesses during the penalty phase was reversible error. A second charge might be the better practice, but we find that the trial court had fully charged the jury with regard to the credibility of witnesses and expert witnesses during the guilt/innocence phase of the trial. The trial court’s charge would have been understood by the jury to apply to all witnesses in both phases of the trial. This is comparable to a trial court’s not again defining reasonable doubt in the sentencing phase after doing so in the guilt/ innocence phase, which we have held not to be grounds for reversal. Cromartie v. State,
10. The trial court was not required to charge the jury on a burden of proof applicable to non-statutory aggravating circumstances. Cromartie, supra; Speed v. State,
11. The trial court did not err in failing to instruct the jury that its findings as to mitigating circumstances need not be unanimous because the trial court clearly charged the jury that it was not necessary. to find any mitigating circumstances in order to impose a life sentence instead of the death penalty. Palmer v. State,
12. Wilson contends that the trial court erred by not charging the
13. Wilson contends that the trial court erred by denying his motion for a mistrial when, during the penalty phase, the jury heard inadmissible hearsay testimony suggesting Wilson had shot the victim. The hearsay testimony was heard by the jury when a witness for the State was asked when he first heard about Wilson’s murder charge and answered, “[An investigator] called me up one day and told me that the boy that had shot me got out of prison and shot somebody else.” The granting of a motion for a mistrial is within the discretion of the trial court, and the trial court’s ruling will not be disturbed when the trial court has taken remedial measures sufficient to ensure a fair trial. Jones v. State,
14. Wilson contends that his right to a fair trial was abridged by the introduction of a photograph of the victim in life and by the manner in which that photograph was introduced. It is not error to admit a photograph of the victim in life; however, the better practice is to have the photograph identified by someone other than a close relative of the victim. James v. State,
15. Wilson contends that the trial court erred in admitting certain photographs which depicted the victim as he was found at the crime scene and as he appeared shortly before autopsy. We find that these photographs were material, relevant, and admissible. Jackson v. State,
16. (a) We find that the prosecution’s characterization of the vie
(b) Contrary to the defendant’s contention, we conclude that the prosecution did not invite the jury to place itself in the place of the victim.
(c) During his closing argument at the end of the guilt/innocence phase of the trial, the prosecutor interspersed his argument with direct quotations from the Georgia Code, arguing how the statutory elements set forth in the quotations had been proved. The practice of “reading the law” in a criminal proceeding was condemned by this Court some time ago as offering a license for counsel to present portions of the law to the jury that would not constitute part of the trial court’s charge. Conklin v. State,
(d) Wilson contends the State, in its closing argument in the guilt/innocence phase, made statements that improperly emphasized the defendant’s exercise of his right not to testify and the failure of Butts, the other participant in the murder, to give a statement after being arrested.
18. Wilson contends that two statements he made to law enforcement officers (one tape-recorded, one written) along with statements he made to police regarding his and Butts’s actions after the murder were improperly admitted into evidence. We disagree.
Wilson contends that the statements should have been excluded from evidence because they were allegedly induced by a hope of benefit in violation of OCGA § 24-3-50. Wilson’s contention at the suppression hearing hinged upon an evaluation of the credibility of witnesses. It is the province of the trial court to weigh the credibility of witnesses in such a hearing, and, unless clearly erroneous, its findings of fact will not be disturbed on appeal. Gilliam v. State,
Wilson also contends that he was not made aware of his rights under Miranda v. Arizona,
19. The trial court did not err in denying Wilson’s motion for a change of venue. Wilson contends that a change of venue was necessary because of pretrial publicity and the fact that, like the victim; a large number of Baldwin County residents were Department of Corrections employees.
In order to justify a change of venue based upon pretrial publicity, a capital defendant must show that the trial setting was inherently prejudicial as a result of pretrial publicity or show actual bias on the part of the individual jurors. Jenkins v. State, supra at (3); Jones v. State, 267 Ga. at (1) (a). A change of venue is appropriate in a death penalty case when the “defendant can make a substantive showing of the likelihood of prejudice by reason of extensive public
As to Wilson’s contention that the large number of Department of Corrections employees in Baldwin County warranted a change of venue, we note, as in our discussion above regarding the defendant’s motion to strike all such persons for cause, that persons are not deemed unqualified to serve as jurors based solely upon their membership in a group to which the victim belonged. Jordan v. State, supra. It must be demonstrated that the persons or class of persons will be unable to serve as fair and impartial finders of fact, a showing not made by Wilson in his motions to strike for cause or his motion for a change of venue.
20. Wilson contends that the trial court erred by allowing evidence during the penalty phase of a number of crimes committed by him as a juvenile, including shooting two persons and a dog, first degree arson, criminal trespass, felony obstruction of a law enforcement officer, assault of an officer in a youth detention facility, possession of cocaine, and making a death threat. We disagree. Such records are admissible in the penalty phase of a capital murder case. Smith v. State, supra at (2); Burrell v. State,
Wilson further contends that evidence of his prior criminal activity was improperly admitted during the penalty phase because the evidence was insufficiently reliable. Again, we disagree. “The factors normally considered in sentencing are (1) the character of the defendant, including his previous criminal activity, if any, and (2) the circumstances of the crime on trial.” Ford v. State,
Finally, we find no merit in Wilson’s contention that the trial court improperly admitted testimony that Wilson had threatened to kill a man and his mother. Wilson argues that the testimony was inadmissible because it lacked the corroboration required for conviction of the crime of making a terroristic threat. See OCGA § 16-11-37 (a). However, we find that the testimony was admissible as evidence of bad character. For the same reasons that evidence of acts reflecting bad character need not be evaluated according to the reasonable doubt standard (Ward v. State, supra; Ross v. State, supra), such evidence also need not be sufficient to allow conviction under the evidentiary requirements of a specific criminal statute. The evidence need only be reliable. Williams v. State, supra.
21. Wilson contends that he was denied a fair trial because the judge who presided over many of the pretrial proceedings was replaced for health reasons before the trial began by another judge who presided over the remainder of the case, including two remaining pretrial motion hearings, jury selection, both phases of the trial, and the defendant’s motion for a new trial. Prior to the first judge’s departure, Wilson requested that only one judge preside over both jury selection and the trial, and this request was accommodated. Wilson made no other objection to the substitution, and, therefore, this argument is waived. Earnest v. State, supra.
22. Wilson contends that it was error for the trial court to deny his trial counsel’s request to be discharged from representing Wilson based on the fact that counsel’s wife worked for the Department of Corrections, knew persons who were acquainted with the victim, and was herself casually acquainted with the victim. Our evaluation of the alleged conflict requires us to “examine the particular circumstances of the representation! ] to determine whether counsel’s undivided loyalties remain [ed] with his . . . client, as they must.” Hill v. State,
23. We find that the sentence of death in this case was not imposed under the influence of passion, prejudice, or any other arbitrary factor. OCGA § 17-10-35 (c) (1). We also find, consideringhoth the crime and the defendant, that the sentence of death was neither
Judgment affirmed.
Notes
The crimes occurred on March 28, 1996. Wilson was indicted on May 29, 1996, by the Baldwin County Grand Jury for malice murder, felony murder, armed robbery, hijacking a motor vehicle, possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime, and possession of a sawed-off shotgun. The State filed written notice of its intent to seek the death penalty on July 22,1996. Wilson’s trial began on October 27,1997, and the jury found Wilson guilty on all counts. The felony murder conviction was vacated by operation of law. Malcolm v. State,
No such evidence was introduced during the guilt/innocence phase of the trial.
The actual viewing of the crime scene by the jury was completed during the momentary pause by the bus. The mere transportation of the jury, of course, did not require the superintendence of the trial judge.
Given the defendant’s failure to object at trial, we need not address the question of his standing to object to the alleged comment on the post-arrest silence of the co-participant.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring in part and dissenting in part.
I concur in the majority’s affirmance of appellant’s adjudication of guilt. However, regarding appellant’s death sentence, the majority implicitly concludes that no Eighth Amendment concerns are raised by the sentence of death by electrocution.
At the outset, I emphasize that my constitutional concerns are not with the State’s power to impose the death penalty for statutorily-enumerated crimes.
Nor has Georgia’s Supreme Court ever undertaken its own analysis of whether there is objective evidence to show that death in the State’s electric chair constitutes cruel and unusual punishment, as that phrase is constitutionally understood.
The constitutional ramifications of electrocution are overly ripe for review. An Eighth Amendment analysis of evidence pertaining to any method of execution would adhere to four lines of inquiry: (1) Does the method of execution involve “something more than the mere extinguishment of life,”
Regarding the first two of these inquiries: Increasingly, there are reports that electrocution involves (a) lingering death that can last for more than a quarter hour; (b) bodily mutilation and distortion, including third and fourth degree burns to the face and scalp, exploding body parts, and layers of skin melting away so as to reveal bone; and (c) grotesque physical violence indicative of both inhumanity and barbarity.
Concerning the third prong of the analysis discussed above, I am increasingly concerned that electrocution and its effects on the human body may offend society’s evolving sense of decency. The Eighth Amendment’s fundamental purpose is “to protect the dignity of society itself from the barbarity of exacting mindless vengeance.”
Electrocution is practiced in no other country in the civilized world. Within this country, 27 states practiced it in 1949. Since then, 20 states have dropped it altogether, and four states — Arkansas, Ohio, South Carolina and Virginia — continue to offer it as an alternative; although Ohio has not executed anyone since 1976.
The death penalty is just punishment for those whose crimes deserve the ultimate penance, and it also serves a societal need to see retribution for that class of crimes. I believe, however, that it is time to examine whether Georgia’s current method of enforcing the death penalty and its attending consequences are compatible with the dignity, morality, and decency of society’s enlightened consciousness, and is reflective of a humane system of justice. I note that both the American Veterinarian Medical Association and the Humane Society of the United States prohibit electrocution as a means of euthanatizing animals.
Finally, concerning the last prong of the inquiry discussed above, it appears that less cruel and more humane means of execution may currently be practiced in other states and countries.
While this dissent’s overview of the Eighth Amendment implications of electrocution barely scratches the surface of what will be required for an adequate in-depth analysis of the constitutional issue I urge the Court to take up, I nonetheless hope it emphasizes the great need for us not to prolong fulfillment of our constitutional responsibility to “protect the dignity of society itself from the barbarity of exacting mindless vengeance.”
Appendix.
Lee v. State,
In all capital cases, this Court is obligated to undertake a sua sponte review of the death sentence to determine, among other things, whether the penalty is excessive. OCGA § 17-10-35. “This penalty question is,one of cruel and unusual punishment, and is for the court to decide” in all cases. Blake v. State,
See, e.g., Pruitt v. State,
Denno, Getting to Death: Are Executions Constitutional?, 82 Iowa Law Rev. 319 (1997). See Poyner v. Murray,
Contrary to popular misconception, the Supreme Court’s ruling in In re Kemmler,
Bryan v. Moore, Case No. 99-6723 (Oct. 26, 1999). See
See DeYoung v. State,
See, e.g., DeYoung, supra; Wellons v. State,
I note that Florida, one of only two other states to currently practice electrocution, has stayed all of its executions of condemned prisoners until the U. S. Supreme Court issues its ruling on the constitutionality of electrocution. See “Special Session Could Introduce Lethal Injection,” Orlando Sentinel, 12/6/99.
Kemmler,
*826 The taking of human life by unnecessarily cruel means shocks the most fundamental instincts of civilized man. It should not be possible under the constitutional procedure of a self-governing people. . . . The all-important consideration is that the execution shall be so instantaneous and substantially painless that the punishment shall be reduced, as nearly as possible, to no more than that of death itself.
Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber,
Kemmler,
Resweber, supra.
Trap v. Dulles,
See id.; Coker v. Georgia,
See Gregg v. Georgia,
Neither the Congress nor any state legislature would today tolerate pillorying, branding, or cropping and nailing the ears — punishments that were in existence during our colonial era. Should however, any such punishment be prescribed, the courts would certainly enjoin its execution. Likewise, no court would approve any implementation of the death sentence found to involve unnecessary cruelty in light of presently available alternatives.
Furman v. Georgia,
For example, in March 1997, Pedro Medina was executed in Florida’s electric chair. When the electricity was applied, Medina “lurched backward and balled his hands into fists,” while his face mask “burst into flames.” Blue and orange flames up to twelve inches long shot from the right side of Medina’s head and flickered for up to ten seconds. A solid flame then covered Medina’s entire head, from one side to the other. After the current was turned off, a maintenance worker wearing electrical gloves patted out the flames on Medina’s body and another worker opened a window to disperse the thick smoke that hung in the air. Witnesses described the smell as nauseating. An autopsy of Medina’s corpse revealed a “burn ring” around the crown of his head, within which was a third degree burn containing deposits of charred material. Medina’s face was covered with first degree burns, caused by scalding steam. See Denno, supra, App. 2 (A) (18); Provenzano v. Moore,
When Allen Lee Davis was executed in Florida’s electric chair in July 1999, a leather strap was secured across his mouth and part of his nostrils, and a heavy fabric face mask was placed over his head. Blood poured from his nose before and during the electrocution,
Witnesses observing Larry Lonehar’s November 1996 execution in Georgia’s electric chair report that two 2000 volt jolts of electricity were required before he was pronounced dead, and that the process required twelve minutes to complete. During that time, Lonchar moaned, clenched his fists (which had turned dark red), lurched and gasped for air. Denno, supra, App. 2 (A) (17). Other electrocutions have routinely resulted in third and fourth degree burns with skin sloughing, “meaning the skin had literally come loose from [the] body and was sliding.” Id., App. 2 (A) (8). Electrocution sometimes bums chunks of skin off a condemned person’s head or leg, revealing the skull or bone beneath the tissue. Id. Electrocution also has caused a man’s penis to explode, blood to pour from eye sockets, bodily fluids to boil, and ears to burn away. Id.,
For an in-depth account of electrocution’s effects, see Denno, supra, App. 2 (A), “Post-Gregg' Botched Executions.” See also Denno, Is Electrocution an Unconstitutional Method of Execution? The Engineering of Death Over the Century, 35 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 551 (1994).
Kemmler,
Ford v. Wainwright,
Trop, supra.
Weems v. United States,
Penry v. Lynaugh,
See Provenzano,
Nebraska legally authorizes electrocutions as its sole method of execution, but has apparently ceased carrying out capital sentences.
See Humane Society of the U. S., General Statement Regarding Euthanasia Method for Dogs and Cats, 17 Shelter Sense, Sept. 1994 at 11-12; American Veterinarian Med. Assn., 202 JAVMA 230, 230-249 (1993).
Ford, supra.