108 Mo. 588 | Mo. | 1891
On the second day of April, 1883, in the circuit court of the city of St. Louis, plaintiff recovered judgment against the Memphis, Carthage & Northwestern Railroad Company, for $72,799.38; and execution on such judgment having been returned unsatisfied, that court on December 3, 1883, on motion made for that purpose, ordered and adjudged that execution issue against the defendants Seligman, on the date last mentioned. There was no appearance to this motion on the part of defendants Seligman, and it is a conceded fact that they never have been resident in this state, but have been, and still are, resident in the city of New York. Written notice of the intended application for execution and copies of the motion were served upon said defendants at their said residence.
Under the general execution thus issued, certain shares of stock, preferred and otherwise standing in the names of J. & W. Seligman & Co. on the stock books of the defendant railway company, were levied on and sold on the eighteenth day of December, 1883, as the property of the defendants Seligman, plaintiff becoming the purchaser on that day, and he, thereupon, instituted the present proceeding, which has for its object the entry of a judgment and decree of that court, compelling the defendant railway company to place the plaintiff’s name on its transfer stock-books as the owner of the shares of stock described in the petition, and to permit him to exercise the usual rights incident to such ownership, and to have the right and title of the defendants Seligman decreed to be in plaintiff, by reason of his purchase aforesaid, etc,
Other facts necessary and sufficient to an understanding of the cause will be noticed hereafter, as required.
I. It is claimed, in support of the validity of the execution sale, that the service of the notice and motion, though made in the state of New York, and upon persons there resident and never resident in this state, was legal, and gave the circuit court jurisdiction to award the execution.
Section 736, Revised Statutes, 1879, provides: “If any execution shall have been issued against any corporation, and there cannot be found any property or effects whereon to levy the same, then such execution may be issued against any of the stockholders to the extent of the amount of the unpaid balance of such stock by him or her owned ; provided, always, that no execution shall issue against any stockholder, except upon an order of the court in which the action, suit or other proceeding shall have been brought or instituted, made upon motion in open court, after sufficient notice in writing to the person sought to be charged ; and upon such motion such court may order execution to issue accordingly ; and provided, further, that no stockholder shall be individually liable in any amount over and above the amount of stock owned.”
It is insisted that such service may be had as provided in section 3505, Revised Statutes, 1879, which reads this way: “ Notices shall be in writing, and shall be served on the party or his attorney, in the manner prescribed in this article, unless otherwise provided by law. The service may be made by delivering to the party or his attorney a copy of such notice, or by leaving a copy at the usual place of abode of the party or his attorney, with some person over the age of fifteen years, or with the elerk of the party or his attorney.”
It is plain, from these statutory provisions, that they refer, as their terms would naturally import, to a suit then pending in a court which has already acquired jurisdiction of the party to be served with the notice ; for the party thus intended to be served is spoken of in section 3506 as “the adverse party” and as having an “ attorney,” meaning an attorney of record. This language would obviously be without meaning where as yet there is neither litigation nor adverse parties, and, consequently, no attorneys of record, on whom notice could be served. Thus it will readily be seen that, if the plaintiff’s contention be correct, that this statute applies to the service of a notice in an instance like the present, then a service of such a notice would be equally good, as to non-residents, were it simply posted up in the clerk’s office as provided in section 3506. In fact, in case of a non-resident party with a non-resident attorney, this would be'the only method.
In the same chapter 21 where section 736 is found, section 751 occurs, which provides that “all notices, orders and rules required to be served in the progress of any cause shall be served in like manner as in other civil cases.” This section evidently refers also to interlocutory notices, etc., — those “required in the progress of any cause,” — and not to those notices, etc., by which the action is begun. The statute in question really makes no provision for the method of the service of notice; it merely requires “sufficient notice in writing to the person sought to be charged.’''’ The evident object of the statute was to provide that the motion should be in the nature of an action at law, and governed by the usual incidents pertaining thereto ; and, where the statute requires notice, without any
II. It will not be intended that the statute authorizes such a method of service as that on which plaintiff relies; but if the statute did, in terms, require the personal service of such notice outside of the state on a non-resident in order to the rendition of a personal judgment, or its equivalent, on a money demand, such statute would be wholly void as to such extra-territorial service. It scarcely'requires to be stated that this position is sustained by abundant authority; indeed, it seems to be questioned by none. On this point Judge Coolly, after speaking of the validity of substituted service by publication, etc., says: “But such notice is restricted in its legal effect, and cannot be made available for gll purposes. It will enable the
“The tribunals of one(state have no jurisdiction over the persons of other states, unless found within their territorial limits ; they cannot extend their process into other states, and any attempt of the kind would be treated in every other forum as an act of usurpation, without any binding efficacy. ‘The authority of every judicial tribunal, and the obligation to obey it,’ says Burge in his Commentaries, ‘ are circumscribed by the
Judge Story says: “Considered in an international point of view, jurisdiction to be rightfully exercised must be founded either upon the person being within the territory, or upon the thing being within the territory; for otherwise there can be no sovereignty exerted, upon the known maxim, ‘Extra territorium jus dioenti impune non paretur. ’ * * * On the other hand, no sovereignty can extend its process beyond its own territorial limits to subject either persons or property to its judicial decisions. Every exertion of authority of this sort beyond this limit is a mere nullity, and incapable of binding such persons or property in 'any other tribunals. This subject, however, deserves a more exact consideration.” Story, Confl. Laws, sec. 539.
Drake says: “But where no process is served on the defendant, nor property attached, nor garnishee charged, nor appearance entered, a judgment against the defendant, based on a publication of the pendency of the suit, will be void, and may be impeached collaterally or otherwise, and forms no bar to a recovery sought in opposition to it, nor any foundation for a title claimed under it, notwithstanding the statute laws of the state expressly authorize a judgment to be rendered against a defendant under such circumstances. In cases of this description, while a levy on property would justify the exercise of jurisdiction, and the garnishment of one indebted to the defendant would be regarded, pro hoc nice, as equivalent to a levy, yet the indebtedness of the garnishee must be shown; and a judgment rendered against a garnishee who does not appear and answer, and against whom in such case the statute authorizes judgment to be rendered for the whole amount of the judgment against the defendant, without proof of his indebtdness to the defendant, will
“ Even if a state has passed a statute authorizing its courts to take jurisdiction of personal actions against debtors or others who cannot be reached by process, or of property actions, when the property cannot be seized, actually or constructively; and if the courts proceed accordingly, and render judgments, such judgments are not to be regarded by the courts of other states, nor by federal courts sitting within the state, nor by courts of the state itself, for the reason that. no state can exercise power beyond its bounds, nor conclude persons or property beyond them. Such statutes have been passed, such power has been» assumed and exercised, in more than one state, though very rarely. Courts have been thus nominally authorized to take cognizance of’personal actions against non-residents, after publication of notice, without personal summons, personal appearances or attachment of property; but the supreme court of the United States has decided such proceedings under such a statute to be jurisdictionless, null and void.” Waples, Attach. 339.
In Smith v. McCutchen, 38 Mo. 415, a judgment in personam for a debt was rendered upon a mere order of publication, and such judgment was held absolutely void, and that a party summoned as a garnishee upon such judgment could defend and show the invalidity of such judgment by reason of want of jurisdiction in the court to render it. To the same effect, see, also, Latimer v. Railroad, 43 Mo. 105, and numerous other authorities cited by defendants.
III. And it is entirely immaterial what is the means or method pointed out by the statute, or used in this instance, to acquire jurisdiction of the defendants Seligman — whether by writ or notice, it is properly denominated " process.” 6 Com. Dig., p. 93; And. Law Dict., tit. “process” Dwight v. Merritt, 18 Blatchf. 306; Paper Co. v. Paper Co., 19 Fed. Rep. 252.
IY. Nor is this case unfavorably altered for the defendants Seligman, because they are charged with being stockholders in the corporation against which the plaintiff recovered judgment. A stockholder is not, in any sense, a party to the judgment rendered against a corporation to which he may belong, nor does such judgment bind his property. Hardwick v. Jones, 65 Mo. 54; Hannah v. Bank, 67 Mo. 678; Barclay v. Ins. Co., 26 Mo. 490; Whitman v. Cox, 26 Me. 335; Bank v. Cook, 4 Pick. 405; Adams v. Bank, 1 Greenl. (Me.) 362. In Blackman v. Railroad, it was ruled that, upon a corporation being sued, a stockholder is not a party to the action, and not before the court. 58 Ga. 189. And
Accepting these authorities as the correct guide, any proceeding against the stockholders subsequent to the judgment rendered against the corporation must be regarded as an original and independent proceeding, as much so as is garnishment process against a mere stranger to the record. But unless the service upon the garnishee be valid in form, and be served within the jurisdiction rendering the judgment, such judgment when rendered will not bind him. Norvell v. Porter, 62 Mo. 309; Drake, Attach. [6 Ed.] sec. 451 d; Thompson, Liability Stockholders, secs. 357, 359. And in order to bind a stockholder in a corporation who is the debtor of such corporation, he must be subject to the process of the court by being found and served within its jurisdiction, and there sued just as a garnishee by having the garnishment process served upon him. Garnishment process is held to be a suit. Drake, Attach., sec. 452; Meints v. Rail Mill Co., 89 Ill. 48.
The process against the defendant Seligmans was in substance and effect a process of' garnishment, since it sought to appropriate to the demand of the plaintiff whatever debt they might owe to the judgment debtor,
There are, indeed, strongly resemblant features between process which summons for judgment a stockholder and process which summons for a like purpose an ordinary party as garnishee. In either case, notwithstanding the proceeding is sometimes said to be auxiliary to the main one, yet, in both, the movement against the stockholder as well as the garnishee is an independent and original action, and so this court has treated it in regard to stockholders. Erskine v. Loewenstein, 82 Mo. 301; State ex rel. v. St. Louis Court of Appeals, 87 Mo. 374. In which latter case it was ruled that a “motion for execution against a stockholder should be treated as a part of the record without being copied into the bill of exceptions.” This ruling is alone consistent with the theory that such motions occupy a different plane from those motions which are interlocutory in their nature, and can only become a part of the record by being preserved in the bill of exceptions. In the former case it was held that a motion for execution was in the nature of .a suit in equity at common law to reach assets in the hands of the stockholder.
Any process, whether notice, writ or motion, which when served upon a party wilj. have the effect to authorize an order or-judgment in personam against him, upon the rendition of which a general execution may issue leviable on all the property in the state of which he may be possessed, cannot be regarded in any other light, so far as that party is concerned, than as an independent proceeding. Were such a party sued in another form of action, no doubt could be entertained of the necessity for notice, proper in form and substance, and served within the proper jurisdiction in order to its validity. But in a summary proceeding under the statute, there are the same personal issues to try, to-wit, whether the person sought to be charged is indeed a
N o substantial distinction can, therefore, be taken between the incidents which naturally accompany service of process in the two cases ; whatever cause would invalidate the service of process in one instance would do so in the other, in either case the proper service of the process in all respects is essential to the jurisdiction of the court, and essential, also, in that it must meet the constitutional mandate respecting due process of law. The law regards the substance of things, not their shadows.
This is the view taken in Kansas on a statute which is virtually a copy of section 736, and there it was held that such a motion partakes of the nature of original process, and that, if served on a stockholder in Chicago, such service is invalid, and the party defendant may appear specially, and have the resultant order vacated. Howell v. Manglesdorf, 33 Kan. 194. In that case, the following apt quotation is approvingly made: “Where the object of the action is to obtain a judgment against the defendant upon which an execution may issue, to be levied generally of his goods and chattels, or of his property, personal, real and mixed, it is necessary at common law that there should be a personal notice, citation, summons or subpoena, or that the defendant should voluntarily appear to the action. In cases of this character, such notice or appearance is indispensable to the jurisdiction of the court.” Wade, Law Notice, sec. 1137. ,
Various citations, which either directly or by necessary implication support the conclusions announced in the case just cited, will be found collated by the'
But it may be said in concluding the discussion on this point that if, as already seen from the authorities cited, it is beyond the power of the legislature of a state to extend, even by express statutory enactment, the jurisdiction of its courts, or to lengthen the reach of their process, then most certainly it would be wholly beyond the power of parties, by any contract made, or consent given by them to have a similar jurisdictional effect: an effect entirely beyond the power of the legislature to authorize ; an effect which, once admitted, would immediately wipe out, not only state boundaries and constitutional provisions, but be limited alone by the boundaries of the habitable globe; for thus far, upon such a theory, would jurisdiction extend and process run. The base for such a theory of the law, it must be confessed, would be quite simple: First. Given a contract made in any state, by a non-resident thereof; second, imply a contract, based upon the former, of submission to any jurisdiction the state where the contract is made may choose to have her courts assume over such contracting party or which such courts may assume, and the jurisdictional formula is complete.
V. Judge Tiiayee, before whom this cause was heard, found from the evidence that the defendants Seligman were not the owners of the stock in controversy at the time of the levy thereon, but that the same had been transferred prior thereto. After reading the
YI. The next point for discussion is whether the plaintiff acquired any title to the stock in question by reason of his purchase at the execution sale. It is insisted on his behalf that he acquired a good title by reason of his purchase, and in this connection certain constitutional and statutory provisions are relied upon, as well as certain by-laws of the defendant corporation.
The constitutional provision, article 12, section 15, is'the following: “Every railroad or other corporation organized or doing business in this state, under the laws or authority thereof, shall have and maintain a public office or place in this state for the transaction of- its business, where transfers of stock shall be made, and where shall be kept for public inspection books in which shall be recorded the amount of capital stock subscribed, the names of the owners of the stock, the amounts owned by them respectively, the amount of stock paid, and by whom, the transfer of said stock, with the date of transfer, the amount of its assets and liabilities and the names and places of residence of its officers.
.“Sec. 706. Every corporation, as such, has power: * * * Sixth, to make by-laws not inconsistent with existing laws, * * * for the transfer of its stock. * * *55
“Sec. 714. * * * jn all cases where the right to vote upon any share or shares of the stock in any incorporated company shall be questioned, it shall be the duty of the inspectors to require the transfer books of such corporation as evidence of stock held in such corporation, and all shares that may appear standing thereon in the name of any person or persons shall be voted upon by such person or persons directly by themselves or by proxy.
“Sec. 715. At every election of directors the transfer books of the corporation shall be produced to test the qualifications of the voters; and no person shall be admitted to vote, directly or by proxy, except those in whose names the shares of the stock of the corporation shall stand on such books, and shall have so stood for at least thirty days previous to the election.”
“Sec. 720. Every such corporation shall keep a book in which the transfer of shares of its stock shall be registered, and another book containing the names of its stockholders, which book shall at all times, during the usual hours of business, for thirty days previous to an election of directors, be open to the examination of the stockholders.”
“ Sec. 737. The clerk or other officer having charge of the books of any corporation, on demand of any officer holding any execution against the same, shall furnish the officer with the names, places of residence, so far as to him known, and the amount of liability, of every person liable as aforesaid.”
“ Sec. 739. The stock of every company formed under this act shall be deemed personal estate, and shall be transferable in the manner prescribed by the*607 by-laws of the company; but no shares shall be transferred until all previous calls thereon shall have been fully paid.”
“Sec. 841. Every railroad "company, incorporated or doing business in this state, * * * shall * * ' * annually * * * on or before the first day of August, transmit to the office of the railroad commissioners a full and true statement, under oath of the proper officers, of said corporation, of the affairs of the corporation, as the same existed on the first day of the preceding July, specifying: First, the amount of capital stock subscribed, the number of shares, and the par value thereof; second, the names of the owners of its. stock, the amount owned by them respectively, and the residence of each stockholder, as far as known.”
“ R. S. 1879, ch. 32, sec. 2354. The following property shall be liable to be seized and sold upon attachment and execution issued from any court of record: * * * Second, all the rights and shares in the stock of any bank, insurance company or other corporation, * * * > >
“Sec. 2363. When an execution shall be issued against any person being the owner of any shares or stock in any bank, insurance company or other corporation, it shall be' the duty of the cashier, secretary or chief clerk of such bank, insurance company or other corporation, upon the request of the officer having such execution, to furnish him a certificate, under his hand, stating the number of rights or shares the defendant holds in the stock of such bank, company or corporation with the incumbrance thereon.
“Sec. 2364. The officer, upon obtaining such information, or in any other manner, may make a levy of such execution on such rights or shares by leaving a true copy of such writ with the cashier, secretary or chief clerk; and, if there be no such officer, then with some other officer of such bank, company or corporation, with ah attested certificate by the officer making*608 the levy that he levies upon and takes such rights and shares to satisfy such execution.”
Section 2370 provides that ten days’ notice of time, terms and place of sale are to be given by the officer holding the execution.
“ Sec. 2391. When any rights or shares of stock in any bank, company or corporation shall be sold, the officer making such sale shall execute an instrument in writing, reciting the sale and payment of the consideration, and conveying to the purchaser such rights and shares ; and shall also leave with the cashier, secretary or chief clerk, or if there be none, with any other officer of such bank, corporation or company, a copy of the execution and his return thereon; and the purchaser shall thereupon be entitled to all dividends and stock and to the same privileges as a member of such company or corporation as such debtor was entitled to.”
The by-laws of defendant corporation, relating to the transfer of its capital stock in force at the time oí the levy and sale of the stock in controversy, are at follows:
“Art. 3, sec. 6. At every election ■ of directors the transfer books of the corporation shall be produced to test the qualification of the voters ; and no person shall be admitted to vote, directly or by proxy, except those in whose names the shares of the stock of the corporation shall stand on such books, and shall have so stood for at least thirty days previous to the election.”
“Art. 12, sec. 2. No transfer of stock shall be allowed except by stockholders in person, or by a properly constituted attorney, whose power shall be duly executed and filed with the company.
“Sec. 3. At the time of the transfer of any stock the old certificates shall be surrendered and canceled before new certificates are issued therefor.”
Under these provisions plaintiff claims that the stock books of the defendant corporation, showing the defendants Seligman to be the owners of the stock in
It' is evident that the constitution makes no inhibition on the transfer of the stock of a corporation in other modes than the formal one upon its books, nor does the statute prohibit the usual method of transfer, to-wit, by the transfer of the certificate. The by-laws, it seems in this instance, make such prohibition; but the general current of authority admits the validity of transfers made outside of the books of the corporation, some adjudications holding that such transfer,' though not recorded on the books, passes the legal title; and it is generally held that such regulations made in the by-laws are made for the benefit, protection and convenience of the corporation itself, and not for third parties, and that they do not incapacitate the stockholder from parting with his interest, and that his assignment, though not on the books, passes his entire title to the stock. This ruling appears to be in accordance with a custom generally if not universally prevalent in the commercial world; a custom which should not be lightly disturbed by the courts.
There is much authority also for saying that such transfers are good, even as against attaching, or execution creditors, such creditors being held to obtain only such title as the debtor had at the time of the levy. In Bank v. Richards, 6 Mo. App. 454, afterwards approved by this court, 74 Mo. 77, it was held that an attaching-creditor cannot prevail against a prior bona fide purchaser whose purchase has not been entered on the books, although such transfer was unknown to the creditor at the time the attachment was levied, though the attaching creditor at the time of his purchase became aware of the transfer, and it was ruled in that case that the unregistered purchaser had the superior equity, and several ca^es in this court were approvingly
That ruling is also well supported by analogous rulings respecting a levy on real estate where there is an unrecorded deed, but which is put to record prior to the execution sale, and where it is held that such deed' will prevail over any supposed title acquired at such sale. Davis v. Ownsby, 14 Mo. 170; Black v. Long, 60 Mo. 181; Crow v. Drace, 61 Mo. 225.
Here, though it be granted that the plaintiff had no notice at the time the execution was levied, yet this was not the case at the time of his purchase when he was duly notified. In these circumstances he cannot justly lay claim to being a bona fide purchaser as against the unregistered shareholders who hold the outstanding certificates ; and such outstanding certificates being 'in the hands of prior purchasers, who also hold powers of attorney from the registered shareholders to execute written transfers on the books of the defendant corporation, constitute a valid ground for that corporation to defend this action; for otherwise that corporation might incur a double liability.
The considerations aforesaid lead to an affirmance of the judgment, and it is so ordered.