30 S.C. 210 | S.C. | 1889
The opinion of the court was delivered by
On June 1, 1882, the defendant became the tenant of the plaintiff of the premises on the southwest corner of King street and Rodgers’s alley, in the city of Charleston. The lease was verbal for $30 per month, but indefinite as to time — nothing being said as to how long it was to continue. The defendant paid his rent regularly every month and continued to occupy. On October 1, 1884, the plaintiff raised the rent to $40 per month, which the defendant agreed to — the receipt for September (1884) containing this statement: “On the first of November it will be forty dollars a month, as per agreement.” ' The plaintiff claims that at that time the character of the tenancy was changed by agreement — that thereafter it was to be “a yearly leasebut this the defendant positively denies. At all events, the tenancy continued without renewal each year. On September 30, 1887, the defendant gave written notice that he would vacate the premises “by the first o.f January, 1888, being the end of the present year of my tenancy,” &c., and he did vacate before the beginning of the year 1888, leaving his rent unpaid for the month of December (1887).
The case came on for trial before judicial trial justice Burnett, who held that the tenancy was “from year to year,” and consequently ended with the calendar year; and the three months’ notice in such case required having been given, the defendant was not liable for the month of January, 1888, and he rendered judgment in favor of the plaintiff for the amount tendered ($40), without costs. The plaintiff appealed to the Circuit,Court, and Judge Norton having affirmed the judgment of the court below, she nowr appeals to this court upon the following grounds :
“I. Because his honor, the presiding judge, erred in holding that the renting of June 1882, was, under the statute, to June, 1883, and defendant having held beyond that time, it became a tenancy ‘from year to year,’ and terminated on 31st December in each year.
“II. Because he érred in holding that, as the defendant on June 1st, 1883, became tenant of the plaintiff under a verbal lease for an indefinite time at $30 per month, and on 1st October, 1884, the rent was raised to $40 per month, and on 30th September, 1887, defendant gave notice that he would quit the premises by 1st January, 1888, and did so prior to that date, a tenancy ‘from year to year’ existed, which terminated with the calendar year; and that defendant had legally terminated this tenancy on December 31, 1887, by the three months’ notice of intention to quit, which he had given on September 30, 1887, and was not liable for rent for January, 1888.
*213 “III. Because his honor erred in affirming the judgment of the trial justice, and dismissing the appeal with costs.”
We cannot think there is anything substantial in the point made in argument that the notice was insufficient by reason of the expression that the premises would be vacated “by January 1, 1888.” The meaning, as indicated by the word “by” evidently was, that the premises would be vacated “when that time had arrived” (Worcester), that is to say, before that time, which was actually done. The plaintiff was in no way misled.
As we understand it, there are only two questions in the case: one of fact as to the character of the tenancy — whether it was indefinite as to its termination, and therefore “from year to year;” and, if so, whether, as matter of law, the end of the calendar year should be fixed for its termination. There seems to be no dispute that the first renting in June, 1882, was indefinite as to time, except requiring the rent “rnonthy ;” that, under the statute, was to June, 1883, and the defendant having held over, it became a tenancy from year to year. As was said in the case of Godard v. Railroad Company, 2 Rich., 348: “If the act be substituted for the agreement of the parties, so that such tenancy is limited to one year, then no notice is necessary at the end of that year. But if the tenant, by mutual consent, continues in possession after the year is expired, the statute has left the liabilities and rights of the parties as they are at common law under the construction of the statute of frauds.” The facts in all respects answered the definition of a tenancy from year to year. “Whenever one person holds lands of another, and there is no express limitation or agreement as to the time for which it is to be held, then, if the rent is payable with reference to the divisions of the year (e. g., quarterly), the tenancy is deemed to be ‘from year to year.’ ” 2 R. & L. Law Dict., title “Tenant.”
It is claimed, however, that the parties themselves by agreement in 1884 (when the monthly rent was increased), changed the character of the holding by expressly limiting it to one year; that they made it “yearly rent,” and that at each holding over “the law implied a tacit renovation of that specific agreement.” Whether there was such a verbal agreement was a question of fact, which the trial justice in effect found against the plaintiff,
Then, the tenancy being “from year to year” — not created by the parties themselves, but in a wise and j ust policy, by construction of law, when should that tenancy, with a view to the notice required, be deemed to terminate ? It seems that the precise point was decided (1850) in the case of Floyd v. Floyd (4 Rich., 23), where it was held that “tenancy from year to year of a farm used for agricultural purposes, looks to the end of the calendar year for its termination ; and if the landlord would determine it, he must, during the current year, give notice of his intention to do so at the end of the year,” &c. It is contended, however, that this decision cannot conclude the case at bar, for the reason that there the subject matter was an agricultural farm, ,and here it is a city house and lot. It may be true that there are some reasons, connected with the natural seasons, for terminating a lease of am agricultural farm with the calendar year, which do not apply with equal force to a lease of a city lot. But still there are reasons which apply equally to both. We think it is the general custom of the country to make contracts and
The judgment of this court is, that the judgment of the Circuit Court be affirmed.