53 Minn. 470 | Minn. | 1893
Plaintiff’s intestate, Benson, whose occupation was therein stated as that of a brick mason, held a certificate of membership in defendant indemnity association, when he accidentally received injuries which caused his death soon afterwards. This certificate contained several conditions, — one being that, if Benson should be injured when engaged in an occupation classed as not insurable by the association, nothing should be paid; and another, that a recovery could not be had, under the terms of the certificate, in case the injury received was the result of unnecessary exposure to danger, unless in an effort to save human life. Satisfactory proof of a claim was required as a condition precedent to payment. At the time of the accident, Benson, with other men, was at work upon a swinging scaffold, engaged in “pointing” the walls of an eight-story brick building, the scaffold being suspended from the roof by means of ropes. Between the third and fourth stories of the building there was a projection some three feet wide, and the scaffold had been dropped below this projection as the men progressed downward with their work, which consisted in “pointing” or finishing up the lines of mortar, and replacing defective or broken brick in the walls.
The projection carried the scaffold out too far from the building, and it had been brought back to convenient working distance by means of small guy ropes, one at each end, running from the scaffold to windows. One of the workmen stepped from the scaffold into a window, and immediately after one of these ropes broke, causing the scaffold to swing out several feet, throwing Benson and another workman to the walk below. Fatal injuries were received by the former.
It appears from the evidence that, soon after Benson’s death, one Jones, who claimed to be a creditor of his estate, procured a blank form for proof of the claim from defendant association. This blank was filled out and verified by Jones, and filed with the secretary of the association by one of the plaintiff’s attorneys. No point is made that the proof was insufficient in form. Soon afterwards plaintiff-was appointed administrator of the estate by the proper tribunal, and at once called upon the secretary, in company with the attorney before mentioned, a duly-certified copy of the letters of administration being presented. The secretary was asked if the proof theretofore served was sufficient, and was informed that if further proof was required it would be furnished by the administrator. He replied that the papers then filed were sufficient, so far as he knew, and that if anything was lacking, or if further proof was needed by himself or the association, the administrator or his attorney would be notified. It is conceded that no other or further proof was demanded, and that afterward, prior'to the° bringing of the suit, the association, by its agents and officers, made several attempts to settle the claim. Its officers knew that the administrator relied upon their statement in respect to further proof, and relied upon, and had adopted, the action of Jones in respect to proof. The association never objected to this, or to paying the claim on the ground now advocated. After the time has expired within which plaintiff, as administrator, could file proof of the claim, and an action has been commenced, the defendant cannot be allowed to defeat a recovery on the ground that it was incumbent upon plaintiff himself to file the proof, or that he could not, with its implied consent, adopt the act of Jones. It is analogous to the reception and retention of defective proof of a claim. In such cases good faith would require that the association give notice indicating the defect, and the failure to object to defective proofs, or a refusal to pay on other grounds, is regarded as an acceptance of the defective proofs, and a waiver of defects. American Life Ins. Co. v. Mahone, 56 Miss. 180; Miller v. Eagle Life & Health Ins. Co., 2 E. D. Smith,
But appellant calls attention to the fact that, in the complaint, plaintiff alleged the making and filing of proper proof of the claim by him, which was put in issue by the answer, and that no waiver of full performance of the condition precedent to recovery was pleaded in the reply. ' Not having pleaded a waiver, plaintiff was limited to proof of performance as alleged in the complaint, is the position of appellant’s counsel, who cites Guerin v. St. Paul F. & M. Ins. Co., 44 Minn. 20, (46 N. W. Rep. 138,) and Mosness v. German-American Ins. Co., 50 Minn. 341, (52 N. W. Rep. 932,) in support of the position. We need not consider the condition of the pleadings on this subject, because no objection was made on that ground to the reception of testimony relative to the filing of proof of the claim by Jones, plaintiff’s subsequent reliance upon and adoption thereof, with 'the implied consent of defendant’s officers, the statement of the secretary that this proof was satisfactory, so far as he knew, and other statements and acts which estopped defendant association from asserting that satisfactory proof of the claim had not been made. Nor was the point made when defendant moved for a verdict in its favor at the close of the evidence. All questions of ratification, adoption, and waiver of proof, other than that furnished by Jones, were evidently regarded as proper issues under the -pleadings, and it is now too late for counsel to insist that they were not. He is concluded by his course upon the trial.
2. The certificate stated that Benson was a brick mason by occupation, as hereinbefore mentioned, and it was claimed by appellant that he was not a brick mason, nor engaged in the work of a mason, when injured; that “pointing” up a wall is no part of a mason’s work, and that the occupation of a “pointer” was classed by defendant association as noninsurable; so that, under the conditions of the certificate, no indemnity was to be paid. -An attempt was made by appellant to show, by means of a manual pertaining to classification, that the occupation of a “pointer” was classed as noninsurable. This manual has not been made a part of .the record and its contents are unknown to us; but, from an admission of counsel made upon the trial in connection with this attempt, it seems that the occupation of a “pointer” was not class?
In this connection it may be well to consider the claim of defendant association that the trade or occupation of a “pointer” is not that of a brick mason. There was testimony produced in its behalf, upon the trial, to the effect that these are distinct trades or occupations, but the preponderance of proof was that the work of finishing or pointing up a wall is usually done by masons. On small or common brick buildings the workmen do this as they remove the staging used when laying up the walls; commencing at (he top, of course. On large or elegant structures, especially when pressed 'brick are used for facings, the staging so used is first removed, and then a hanging scaffolding is swung from the top, as it was in this instance, and as the work proceeds the workmen lower themselves by means of ropes and pulleys, exactly as do painters who have occasion to paint the outside of a building. Undoubtedly, in the large cities, where there is an abundance of this special branch of a mason’s work, there are men who become adepts in it, and are usually employed in finishing and pointing up walls, precisely as there are men who are engaged in the work of shingling roofs, or putting on lath; and there are probably men who have become skilled as pointers or shinglers or lathers, who could not be put down as brick masons or as carpenters. Yet at the same time the work of pointing is a part of a brick mason’s trade, just ns the work of shingling a roof or putting on lath is, properly speaking, that of a carpenter. This was clearly established by the testimony, and is a matter of common observation.
3. Counsel argue that, even if pointing up a wall is part of the trade of a brick mason, Benson unnecessarily exposed himself to danger when working upon a scaffold suspended as this was. There is nothing of merit in this argument. When he became a member of defendant association, both parties contemplated that he would be exposed to the danger incident to his occupation. The association was organized for the very purpose of indemnifying persons •engaged in trades or occupations in which accidents were imminent, .and almost unavoidable, and Benson’s object was to secure indemnity in case of accident. When such accident happens, and injuries result, a recovery cannot be defeated on the ground of voluntary
4. Referring to the defense interposed by defendant,-that Benson had unnecessarily exposed himself to danger, the learned trial court erroneously used the words “gross negligence.” But this error was at once corrected, for in connection with this language the court gave the very full and elaborate instructions prepared by defendant’s counsel, as to what would constitute an unnecessary exposure to danger, within the meaning of the clause in the certificate. This instruction was illustrated by, and referred to, the facts, as shown on the trial, and was enlarged upon by the court in its own language; and there could have been no misunderstanding on the part of the jury as to what would constitute unnecessary exposure to danger, under the certificate, sufficient to defeat recovery. No prejudice resulted from the use by the court of the words “gross negligence.”
5. Other assignments of error need not be specially discussed.
Order affirmed.
(Opinion published 55 N. W. Hep. 626.)