148 A.D. 307 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1911
Judgment affirmed, with costs, on opinion of Hon. David Leventritt, Referee.
Present — Ingraham, P. J., Laitghlin, Clarke, Scott and . Miller, JJ. .
The following is the opinion of the referee:
This is an action to restrain the defendants from malting any use of a certain alleyway or, failing in that, to restrain its use for business purposes.
The facts material to this controversy are best set out in connection with the following diagram:
The present plaintiffs, as successors to the title of Robert T. Wilson, the original plaintiff, are the owners in fee simple of lot No. 1, lot No. 7, lot No. 6 and two equal undivided third parts of lot No. 5, which is an alley. The defendants are the owners and lessees of lot No. 3.
All these lots were part of premises formerly owned by Margaret Burr, Mary Burr and Sarah Burr as tenants in common, and were, by two agreements between the owners, placed under perpetual restrictions excluding business buildings. ■ One, executed in 1861, covered all the lots except lot No. 3. In this agreement the parties covenanted for themselves, their heirs, and assigns not to “erect on any of the aforesaid lots of land or any part thereof any buildings other than dwelling houses at least two stories high of brick or stone with the ordinary
On the rear part of lot No. 1, and next to the alley, there is a private stable used in connection with the residence on that lot. On lot No. 4 there is a structure formerly used as a stable in connection with lot No. 2, but which, for several years past, has been used for business purposes. Lot No.. 3 has never had a stable on it.
In 1906 the then owner of the premises now owned by the plaintiffs joined in an agreement releasing from the Burr restriction of 1861 the various properties which it covered. The plaintiffs and then predecessors in title have not, however, consented to the use of the alley in connection with business establishments. Protests were made against the use of the alley for the purposes of the business conducted in the residential building on lot No. 3 and against the use of the alley in connection with the erection and occupancy of the present business building. The present lessees have continued to use the alley for carting goods to the building and for removing ashes therefrom, thus very materially increasing the servitude on the alley. '
The rights in the alley are defined by an agreement made in
On August 11, 1868, James S. Sturges conveyed lot No. 3 and his equal undivided third part of lot No. 5 to John B. Ford, and on the same day, by separate deed, also conveyed to Ford lot No. Y. Lot No. Y abutting on the easterly side of the alley had no easement therein. Ford, however, acquired an easement under the deed conveying lot No. 3 and the undivided interest in the alley.
Ford by deed dated February 26, 18Y9, conveyed to the trustees of the estate of Augustus Embury lot No. Y together with the undivided third part of the alley with the following reservation: “Beserving however to the said party of the first part the right of using said alley in the manner provided in agreement recorded in liber 916 of Conveyances page 82, it being the intention of the parties of the first part hereto to convey to the parties of the second part hereto all the rights, privileges and immunities contained in an agreement recorded in liber 916 of Conveyances page 82 except as hereinbefore reserved.” The agreement referred to is that creating the alley.
Thereafter, as a result of a partition suit, lot No. Y and the undivided third part of the alley, as conveyed by Ford, were sold to John E. Ellison and conveyed to him by referee’s deed.
Ford died in 1897 leaving a will whereby he devised lot No. 3 to the defendants James B. Ford, John Howard Ford and James B. Ford as trustee.
It is to be noted that after the deed by Ford in 1879 conveying lot No. 7 and the undivided third of the alley, no owner of lot No. 3 has held any interest in the fee of said alley, and the taxes on the alley lot and the cost of maintaining it as a way have since been paid by the plaintiffs and their predecessors in . title, and by the owners of lot No. 2.
The plaintiffs now contend that the defendants as owners and lessees of lot No. 3 have no rights in the alley whatsoever,' or at best only a qualified right which they are exceeding. The defendants, on the other hand, claim that they have as appurtenant to their lot an unlimited easement in the alley and the right to use it for any lawful purpose in going to and from their building.
Preliminarily, the defendants object, first, that the complaint has joined two inconsistent causes of action in violation of section 484 of the Code of Civil Procedure, and, secondly, that the complaint fails to state a cause of action under sections 1638 and 1639 of the Code of Civil Procedure. The point of the first objection is that the complaint sets forth a cause of action asserting that the defendants have no easement whatever in the alley and another cause of action asserting that they have an easement only for a limited use which they are violating. Inconsistency is claimed because one cause of action can be sustained only by showing that defendants have no easement, while the other, presupposing an easement, can be sustained only on that theory. The inconsistency, in my opinion, however, is not real. It is conceded that the two causes arise-out of transactions connected with the same subject of action. The plaintiffs, having an easement in the alley and owning two undivided third parts of the servient estate, are suing to
As to the second objection, it is sufficient to point out that this action is not brought under sections 1638 and 1639 of the Code and that the complaint need not, therefore, conform to those sections. The action is not one to try title to real estate but to enjoin a trespass.
The plaintiffs, as owners of the servient estate, may maintain an action for an injunction to restrain an unauthorized servitude (McCullough v. Broad Exchange Co., 101 App. Div. 566; affd., 184 N. Y. 592), and as owners of an easement they may sue to enjoin a use thereof interfering with their rights. (Smith & Sons Carpet Co. v. Ball, 143 App. Div. 83.) The portion of the plaintiffs’ prayer for relief, that the court adjudge that only the plaintiffs and the owners of lots Nos. 2 and 4 have an easement in the alley may be treated as surplusage. The adjudication of the rights of the parties to the easement is only incidental to the determination of the question whether or not the cause of action for injunctive relief exists.
The main issue of the case is the right of the defendants to use the alley as a passageway to and from the business building now standing on lot No. 3. Two questions are presented: First, whether the agreement between Peter H. Morss, Thomas T. Sturges and James S. Sturges establishing the alley as a way to their respective premises so limited the use of the alley that the present use in connection with lot No. 3 is unauthorized and illegal; and, secondly, whether the conveyance by John R. Ford of lot No. I and his undivided third of the interest in the alley has extinguished the right and easement in the alley appurtenant to lot No. 3.
So in the case at bar, if the alley agreement created a way to the lots of the parties without limitation as to the manner of
The correct construction of this agreement, as of any other contract, is that which will give effect to the intention of the parties at the time the agreement was entered into. If the intent clearly appears from the language of the instrument extraneous matter will not be considered, but if the intent is not clear the court will look to the circumstances under which the agreement was made. As was observed by Judge Werner, writing for the Court of Appeals in Kitching v. Brown (180 N. Y. 420): “ One of the familiar rules applicable to the interpretation of ambiguous covenants and agreements is to ascertain, as nearly as may be, the situation of the parties, their surroundings and circumstances, the occasion and apparent
And in Blackman v. Striker (142 N. Y. 555) the court said: “The primary rule of construction applicable to a clause in a deed in the form of an exception or reservation is to gather the intention of the parties from the words, by reading not simply a single clause, but the entire context, and, where the meaning is doubtful, by considering such surrounding circumstances as they are presumed to have considered.”
This rule applies with peculiar force in determining the proper uses of an easement.
In the case of Smith & Sons Carpet Co. v. Ball, recently reported (143 App. Div. 83), the Appellate Division, Second Department, said: “It is perfectly good law, no doubt, that where a grant of a right of way is made by deed, the extent of the right is to be determined, not by user, but by the terms of the grant. But the terms of the grant are to be determined by the ordinary rules governing the construction of contracts and statutes; we are to read the whole contract in the light of the conditions surrounding its making.”
The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, in the recent case of Lipsky v. Heller (199 Mass. 310), laid down the rule that the character of an easement for passage must be ascertained from the purpose and intention of the grantor rather than from any particular form of words used. In the case at bar the alley was created for the exclusive use of the parties “as a passageway for themselves, their servants or other deputy either on foot or with horses, carriages or otherwise to and from their respective lots aforesaid and to and from the stables built and to be built for private use on their said respective lots.” A mere reading of this language carries the conviction that the parties did not thereby intend to create a way to their lots without limitation as to its use. It is not difficult to describe an unlimited easement. A mere statement that a way is “for ingress and egress,” as in Arnold v. Fee (148 N. Y. 214), or for “ the purpose of passing and repassing,” as in Gillespie v. Weinberg (Id. 238), aptly describes an easement of way without restriction. When, therefore, the parties go further and attempt to set out the particular .uses to which
Looking, then, to the surrounding circumstances, the meaning of the agreement becomes plain. This agreement, it will be remembered, was made in the year 1864. The neighborhood was then strictly residential. Moreover, the Burr restriction of 1861 prohibiting business buildings was in effect as to all the lots except lot No. 3, and that was subject to a similar restriction made in 1857. At this early date it could hardly have entered into the contemplation of the parties that such restrictions might not be perpetually binding. Deeds to portions of the property, executed long after the alley was created, were made subject to these restrictions, and the question of the abrogation of similar restrictions by a change of neighborhood has since that date been sharply contested in the courts. The parties had residences on their lots; they evidently had the Burr restrictions in view when they created the alley, and the intended use of the alley was in connection. with private residences and stables. The language of their agreement is entirely apt for this purpose and for this purpose only. The reference to “ stables built and to be built for private use ” is
The decided cases are to the effect that a grant or reservation of a way, if not unrestricted in its terms, will create only the limited easement intended by the parties, and that this will not be extended to different uses by the changed character of the dominant estate. The alley here is not an unrestricted way, and if held to be a way to lots occupied by private residences and stables, which seems to be in accord with the intent of the parties, the case of Norris v. Hoffman (133 App. Div. 596; affd., 197 N. Y, 578) becomes a persuasive authority. In that case the way was reserved “to the stables ” in the rear of three lots, which were then occupied by private dwellings. The plaintiffs, who owned one lot over which the way passed to the other" lots, sought to have the way declared abandoned and their lot freed from the servitude. The stables on the other two lots had lost the benefit of the easement and a large - apartment hotel had been erected in place of the residences formerly occupying them. The court said-: “In the case now before us, when the easement was created, the three lots involved were occupied by their respective owners for private dwellings, and it seems to me perfectly obvious from the language used in the grant that it was intended, and the complaint so alleges, that the carriageway should he used only for the benefit of such owners as a carriageway to the private stables in the rear of their residences, and while they so occupied them. When these dwellings were torn down and the defendants erected in their place a large apartment hotel they thereupon extinguished whatever easement they had theretofore in the' carriageway, because such act was inconsistent with the terms of the reservation. The judgment in the prior action determined that the right of way could not be used for any other purpose, The circumstances under which it was reserved and the necessity for its
In Allan v. Gomme (11 Ad. & El. 759) it appeared that a right of way and passage had been granted to a “stable and loft over the same, and the space and opening under the said loft, * * * used as a woodhouse.” The grantee of the way subsequently converted this loft and space used as a wood-house into a cottage for the purposes of which he began to use the way. The court held that the reference to the woodhouse was merely to indicate the terminus of the way, but that it could not be used for any purpose and had to be confined to a use in connection with the land in the same condition as at the time of the grant. Denman, O. J., argued by way of illustration that a way to a field of many acres in pasture or corn could not be used to the field after it was built up into a village.
Mr. Washburn in his work on Easements and Servitudes (4th ed.), in discussing this case, said: “ In Heming v. Burnett (8 Exch. 187) the extent to which the doctrine in Allan v. Gomme might lead, from the terms there employed, is somewhat modified, though its general doctrine that reference is to he had to the existing state of things at the time the grant is made in construing its terms and meaning in respect to the nature and extent of the easements that pass with it is not impugned.” (P. 290.)
I fail to perceive a distinction in principle between a way granted to a building described as used for specified purposes and a way to premises which in the contemplation of the parties could be occupied only for a certain purpose, and am of the opinion that the alley as originally created was nothing more than a way to private residences and stables and must be limited to that use. The burdensome nature of the servitude
The cases cited by the defendants áre not opposed to this conclusion. Arnold v. Fee (148 N. Y. 214) and Gillespie v. Weinberg (Id. 238) were cases in which an unlimited and unrestricted way was created.
Dand v. Kingscote (6 M. & W. 174) simply holds that where a way is reserved for a specified purpose — that of removing coal from a colliery — an improved method of carriage not known at the time of the' reservation may be employed, the court observing that: “ There is no.doubt that theobject of the reservation is to get the coals beneficially to the owner of them.”
' United Land Co. v. Great Eastern it. Co. (17 L. E. Eq. 158) was not, as the vice-chancellor, pointed out in his opinion, a case of an easement over a servient tenement. There the ways in question were grade crossings or communications which the railway company, in taking land compulsorily, had, pursuant to contract, constructed between the portions of the estate severed by its road. In holding that these ways were not restricted to agricultural uses because of a statute in force at the time they were established prohibiting buildings upon the adjacent lands, but could, upon removal of the prohibition, be used for all purposes .connected with buildings subsequently erected on the land, the court bases its conclusion upon several considerations: First, that an act of Parliament restricting the powers, of the railroad in taking private property requires that communications shall be made U'such as shall in the-judgment of the commissioners for the time being be necessary for the convenient enjoyment and occupation of the lands of Her Majesty.’.’ Further that the damages, caused by the severance of the land were estimated upon the basis of suffb cient crossings and communications between the severed premises. And finally the fact that the ways were thirty feet and twenty feet in width was considered important as showing that the parties did not contemplate, that the ways were to be used
2. There remains to be considered the effect of the deed made by John R. Ford to the trustees of the estate of Augustus Embury in 1879 conveying lot No. 7 and the undivided one-third of the alley. It is convenient once more to set out in full the reservation in the deed: “ Reserving however to the said party of the first part the right of using said alley in the manner provided in agreement recorded in liber 916 of Conveyances page 82. It being the intention of the parties of the first part hereto to convey to the parties of the second part hereto all the rights, privileges and immunities contained in an agreement recorded in liber 916 of Conveyances page 82 except as hereinbefore reserved.”
The agreement referred to is that creating the alley.
Ford was prior to this conveyance the owner of lot No. 3 and had in the alley an easement appurtenant to that lot. He had "two distinct interests in the alley, one the easement and the other the undivided one-third of the fee. Precisely the same interests were vested in the owners of lots Nos. 1 and 2. The situation of the parties was the same as when the alleyway was first established. Ford now conveys his undivided one-third of the servient estate of the alley along with lot No. 7, which abuts on the alley but has no easement therein, and thereby severs from lot No. 3 the interest in the alley from which its easement was originally derived. By an appropriate conveyance he could have effected this severance without surrender of the easement appurtenant and its conversion into,an easement in gross. This in my opinion he failed to do. To me it is clear from the terms of the reservation that he believed that his interest in the fee had inherent in it a right of easement over the alley and that by conveying such interest with lot No. 7 the purchasers would acquire present easement privileges in connection with that lot. That Ford intended to convey to his .grantees an easement in the alley and was paid
There are other considerations which support this view. The reservation is without words of inheritance. I do not regard this omission as material except on the "question of intent, for it is well settled that an exception need not Contain words of inheritance in order to retain the excepted interest to the grantor and his heirs and that words of reservation may create an exception according to the nature of the thing reserved and the intent of the parties. (Claflin v. Boston & Albany R. Co., 157 Mass. 489; Wood v. Boyd, 145 id. 176; White v. New York, etc., R. Co., 156 id. 181.)
The absence of words of Inheritance, however, are here of significance. Ford intended to convey everything but what he reserved. Had he also reserved the right to his heirs and assigns there would have been nothing left of the rights under the alleyway agreement to convey.
The deeds to subsequent grantees conveying the one-third of the fee of the alley wherein the reservations to Ford are described as being to him and his heirs and assigns, do not, in my opinion, bind the plaintiffs or create an estoppel against them. These recitals are merely descriptive of Ford’s deed, which speaks for itself, and absolutely fixes the rights of these defendants.
In volume 16, Cyclopedia of Law and Procedure (at p. 701), the rule is thus stated: “The doctrine of estoppel does not extend to mere descriptive matter or statements or recitals which are immaterial and not contractual or essential to the purposes of the instrument. Thus, the description in a deed of lands excepted from the conveyance, as having been conveyed to another, does not estop the grantor, nor one to whom he shall convey the excepted lands, from alleging that no such conveyance as recited has been made. ”
Again, an estoppel by deed can only arise in favor of the parties and privies to that deed. (Pope v. O’Hara, 48 N. Y. 446.)
• Of course these defendants may invoke any estoppel that their predecessor Ford could have set up. But Ford was not privy to the deeds upon which the defendants rely. If he had
My conclusion, therefore, is, first, that' the agreement establishing the alley does not authorize its use in connection- with a business building. This, alone, would require that any use by the defendants be enjoined while lot No. 3 remains occupied as at present, for even if any part of the user in connection with that lot is legal, it cannot be separated from the illegal user. (McCullough v. Broad Exchange Co., 101 App. Div. 566; affd., 184 N. Y. 592.)
I conclude, further, however, that lot No. 3 has no present easement in the alley, and that the defendants must -be perpetually enjoined from making any use thereof.