No. 1194. | Tex. | Apr 27, 1903
Lead Opinion
On May 4, 1899, the parties were divorced by decree of the District *474 Court of New Mexico. In that, and in proceedings supplemental thereto, that court entered decrees, the substance of which as finally made was that the father should have the custody of the child, with the provision "that the child should be permitted to visit its mother once a year for the period of one month during the month of July, that said visit shall be made within the Territory of New Mexico, and the said child shall not be removed from said Territory by her mother." The said court had jurisdiction of the parties including the child.
The mother remarried in New Mexico, and afterwards she and her husband removed to El Paso, Texas, she bringing with her the child, in disregard of said decree.
At the trial of the present case the parties introduced testimony concerning the character, conduct and fitness of each other, prior to and since the said decree, but the district judge, as shown by conclusions on file, held that the territorial decree was binding on him under the Constitution and laws of the United States; and as is evidenced by the certificate to the statement of facts, the court refused to consider as evidence on the trial any evidence of any fact that occurred prior to the decree of divorce in New Mexico excepting the proceeding in said New Mexico court as set out and shown in exhibit A hereto attached." This exhibit consists merely of the pleadings and decree.
It is made quite clear that the judge treated the decree as res adjudicata absolutely, and as entitling the father to possession of the child, and that all he could consider was evidence of changed conditions of the parties since the said decree, bearing on their fitness and the best interests of the child. The judge expresses his conclusion in these words: "I find that since the decree or the modified or amplified decree as to the custody of the child, there has been no material change in the status or condition of said parties as to their fitness or qualification as proper custodians of said child." In other words, the New Mexico decree was held to determine all facts existing prior to its date in favor of the father's right to its custody, and only such facts could now be considered to disturb that adjudicated right, which may have come into existence since that time.
We have examined all the assignments and there is no error that we can discover, unless it be the effect given to said decree. It is insisted by appellant that article 4 of the Constitution of the United States, requiring full faith and credit to be given in each State to the public acts, records and judicial proceedings of every other State, and the acts of Congress thereunder, have no application to a decree of this kind. We come to the conclusion that the law is with this contention. Were the subject matter of the decree property, or a matter in which the parents were solely concerned, the decree would by reason of said article be entitled to the effect which the trial court has given it. But neither of these propositions is true. The child is not in any sense property of the parents. It is also equally well established that the government has an interest in the welfare and consequently in the question of the custody *475
and environments of the child, and to this the rights of the parents are entirely subordinate. Legate v. Legate,
In Jordan v. Jordan, 4 Texas Civ. App. 559[
Whatever force such a decree would have as a conclusive adjudication in this State it would derive from the fact that our statute in terms authorizes, in a divorce case, the giving of the custody to one parent as against the other; and from the further fact that the decree being by a court of this State, one of the State's own agencies, it might and ought to be presumed that the interest and policy of the State were regarded in deciding that the father was a proper custodian as against the mother, in view of the welfare of the child. These considerations, it appears to us, have no reference to a decree of this character rendered in another State.
We see no reason why our courts should be hampered in a matter of this kind by a previous decision in another State or Territory, and unless such a judgment falls strictly within the constitutional provision referred to, we would not be required to give effect to it.
The child in controversy is found within this State in the possession of its mother, who resides here. This is not a question of extradition. The citizenship of the parties or of the child is immaterial. Our courts are appealed to in the usual way by habeas corpus to interpose in respect to the custody of the child, and the matter is to be determined in accordance with the rules and policy of this State in such matters. The State of Texas is constructively a party to this proceeding and to all proceedings of like character within its jurisdiction. Here we find at once a difference in parties, for the State of Texas had no part in the proceeding in New Mexico. The provision referred to seems to us to have no application except where the subject is property, or some matter in which only the parties to the decree are the ones affected, and the very fact that the State of Texas, a third party, is now concerned in the subject matter, takes the decree out of the rule. In re Bort, 25 Kan.; Avery v. Avery, 5 Pac. Rep., 422; People v. Allen,
We are therefore of opinion that the court erred in giving effect to the New Mexico decrees, and in refusing to consider much of the evidence which, so far as we know, might have led to a different judgment.
Reversed and remanded.
Delivered and filed January 21, 1903. *476
Addendum
The Court of Civil Appeals for the Fourth Supreme Judicial District have certified to us the following statement and question:
"On may 4, 1899, the appellant and appellee were divorced by decree of the District Court of New Mexico, where they resided. They had a daughter who is now 11 years of age. The New Mexico court had jurisdiction of the subject matter and of the parties, including the child. The final decree in that proceeding adjudicated that the father (appellee here) should have the custody of the child with the provision `that the child should be permitted to visit its mother once a year for the period of one month during the month of July, that said visits shall be made within the Territory of New Mexico, and the said child shall not be removed from said Territory by her mother.'
"The mother remarried in New Mexico, and with her husband removed to El Paso, Texas, she bringing with her the child in disregard of said decree.
"This is a habeas corpus proceeding, in the District Court of El Paso County, by the father to obtain possession of the child, and the proceeding took place in vacation.
"At the hearing the parties introduced testimony concerning the character, conduct and fitness of each other prior to and since the date of the territorial decree, but the judge, as shown by his certificate to the statement of facts, `did not consider as evidence on the trial any evidence of any fact that occurred prior to that decree, excepting the proceeding in said New Mexico court as set out in exhibit A hereto attached.' The exhibit thus referred to consists only of the certified pleading and decree of the New Mexico court. The testimony introduced and which the judge certifies he did not consider, affected the fitness of the parents respectively and was conflicting. The certificate to the statement of facts and also the judge's conclusions of law show that in disposing of the issues involved herein, he treated the New Mexico decree as conclusive of all matters at its date, and that he could and did consider only evidence of what has occurred since that date. The case is pending in this court on rehearing, and we therefore accompany this with copy of this court's opinion and copy of the motion for rehearing.
"Question: Was the district judge correct in the effect given by him to the New Mexico decree?"
In treating of the effect of an order of a court of another State or country, awarding the custody of children in a decree of divorce, Mr. Bishop says: "Under our National Constitution, this order is plainly a record to which, if the court has jurisdiction, the same faith and effect permitted it in the State of its rendition must be given in every other State. And the true rule in the State of its rendition is that it is res judicata, concluding the question. But it does not conclude the question for all time, since new facts may create new issues. Nor, since the relation of parent and child is a status, rightfully, like marriage, *477
regulated by any State in which the parties are domiciled, does the order in one State operate as an estoppel of all future inquiry in the courts of another State wherein the child has acquired a domicile." 2 Bish. on Marr. and Div., 2 ed., 1189. We think that this is a correct exposition of the law and that it is sustained by the following authorities cited by the author: Dubois v. Johnson,
The certificate of the Court of Civil Appeals does not set forth the *478 evidence which the judge had before him, and we get an unsatisfactory idea of it from the briefs to which we are referred. Without knowing all the evidence in the case bearing upon the issue presented, we can not give a direct answer to the question; but trust the foregoing may be sufficient to guide the court in the decision of the point.