132 Va. 824 | Va. | 1922
delivered the opinion of the court.
The defendant, Bessie Wilson, was convicted in the police court of the city of Norfolk on a warrant charging her with keeping “a house of ill fame, resorted to for the purpose of prostitution and lewdness.” On appeal to the corporation court, she was tried by a jury and again found guilty, and the sentence pronounced upon her by that court is before us for review.
The statute upon which this prosecution rests is as follows: •
“If any person keep a house of ill fame, resorted to for the purpose of prostitution or lewdness, he shall be confined in jail not exceeding one year and fined not exceeding two hundred dollars; and, in a prosecution for this offense, the general character of such house may be proved.” (Code 1887, sec. 3790; Code 1919, sec. 4548.)
The contention of the defendant is that to sustain a conviction under the foregoing statute the Commonwealth must prove two things—first, that the house in question was in fact a bawdyhouse or brothel; and, second, that it had a general reputation as such.
With respect to the first proposition embraced in this contention, we shall not go into the details of the evidence. The defendant introduced no testimony. The Commonwealth’s evidence as to the actual character of the house consists of the testimony of four men, who appear to have visited the place at the instance of the police to investigate conditions and procure evidence. They did not, while there, personally witness or personally indulge in any unlawful acts, but they evidently allowed the defendant and another woman who was in the house at the time to suppose that they had come for immoral purposes. There were some unimportant and circumstantial conflicts in the testimony of these four men, but otherwise their credibility was not shaken or even questioned, except by the effect of such caution as should be used in giving credence to evidence obtained under representations which are not true. Their respective narratives are reasonable and consistent, and are in a measure corroborated by the entries in a book or register kept by the defendant and introduced at the trial.
It is, of course, in a sense true that a house of ill fame is a house with a bad name, but the offense aimed at by the statute is the keeping of such a house, and not the establishment of its bad reputation.
Some apparent support for the defendant’s contention that there must be proof of both the character' and the reputation of the house may be found in the fact that the statute, after using the expression “house of ill fame,” also adds the words “resorted to for purposes of prostitution or lewdness.” It seems plausible to argue that it was not necessary to use both of these expressions if the fame of the house was not a material part of the offense. This argument, however, is satisfactorily repelled both by the
There is no Virginia case in point, and the decisions elsewhere are not entirely in accord upon the question under consideration. This may be, and doubtless is, in some measure due to varying provisions of the several statutes on the subject. We are satisfied, however, that when proper effect is given to the language of the Virginia, statute, the decided weight of both authority and reason supports the view we have adopted.
It seems clear that if our statute had used the term “bawdyhouse” instead of “house of ill fame,” there would be no room whatever to contend that the fame or reputation of the house must be proved in order to sustain the
In State v. Lee, supra, the court was dealing with a statute similar to ours. The act prohibited was the keeping of “a house of ill fame, resorted to for the purposes of lewdness and prostitution” (Code 1873 §4013), and the statute permitted proof of the general reputation of the place “for the purpose of establishing the character of the house.” (Laws 1884, c. 142, §4.) Referring to the provision, the court said: “In our opinion, this section was not designed to enlarge the ingredients of the crime by requiring that the house should be generally reputed to be a house of ill fame, but to enlarge the means of proving its true character.” And the court specifically held that a conviction under the Iowa statute did not require proof that the house was in fact one of bad repute.
In State v. Smith, supra, the court said: “The term ‘house of ill fame’ is, no doubt, a mere synonym for ‘bawdy-house,’ having no reference to the fame of the place kept, but denoting the fact. The gist of the offense is the keeping of the house for purposes of .prostitution and lewdness, and not its reputation.”
In 18 Corpus Juris, pages 1241-2, section 24 (e), it is said: “Ordinarily it is not necessary that a house or place have the reputation of being a bawdyhouse or house of ill fame to make it such a house. But some statutes pro
In State v. Plant, 67 Vt. 454, 458, 32 Atl. 237, 48 Am. St. Rep. 821, 823-4, the statute involved appears to have been exactly like ours, except that it did not provide for proof of the general reputation of the house. In that case the court said: “The statute makes penal the keeping of a ‘house of ill fame, resorted to for the purpose of prostitution or lewdness.’ In some of the States, similar statutes are construed to require proof that the house had an ill fame in order to convict. That construction has prevailed to some extent in this State at nisi prius, but we regard it as illogical and unsound. It amounts to saying that, however bad the house is in point of fact, it is no offense under the statute to keep it if it has not an ill fame. * * * The words ‘ill fame’ are used in the statute to give name and character to the house, and do not refer to its reputation. Both at common law and in common parlance, the words ‘house of ill fame’ mean a house resorted to for the purpose of prostitution. * * * The gist of the offense is the keeping of the house, irrespective of its fame. The statute aims at the fact, not the fame; at the substance, not the shadow.
“It follows, therefore, ill fame of the house not being an element of the offense, that it was not only unnecessary to prove it, but that evidence of it was irrelevant to any issue involved, for all the cases hold that the character of the house cannot be shown by proof of its reputation; for that purpose, the testimony is mere hearsay.
“It is unnecessary to refer at length to the authorities on this question. We think the weight of judicial opinion sustains the view we take. A pretty full discussion of the
See also State v. Foley, 45 N. H. 466; Toney v. State, 60 Ala. 97; State v. Brunell, 29 Wis. 435.
The cases of Caldwell v. State, 17 Conn. 467, 472; State v. Blakesley, 38 Conn. 523, 524; People v. Castro, 75 Mich. 127, 42 N. W. 938; People v. Pinkerton, 79 Mich. 110, 44 N. W. 180; Drake v. State, 14 Neb. 535, 17 N. W. 117, and King v. State, 17 Fla. 183, 191, cited and relied on by the defendant, support the general proposition that there must be proof of the bad name of the place to sustain a conviction upon the charge of keeping a house of ill fame. These cases are out of line with the current of authority, and, moreover, would undoubtedly have been decided differently if the statutes in Connecticut, Michigan, Nebraska and Florida had provided, as ours does, for the proof of general reputation for the purpose of establishing the charge.
We find no error in the judgment complained of, and it must be affirmed.
Affirmed.