1976 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 119 | Tax Ct. | 1976
SUPPLEMENTAL MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION
FAY,
Respondent determined deficiencies in the joint Federal income tax liability of William R. (Bob) Wilson (hereinafter referred to as "Bob") and Linda F. Wilson for the taxable years 1966 and 1967 in the amounts of $10,290.03 and $8,636.59, respectively. Respondent's determinations were contested by petition filed in this1976 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 119">*120 Court jointly by Bob and Linda Wilson. Trial of the matter was held in June 1972, and on April 27, 1973, we entered our decision in the case, sustaining the deficiencies determined by respondent. On July 25, 1973, (89 days after the decision was entered), Linda F. Wilson (hereinafter referred to as "petitioner") filed motions to vacate the decision, to reopen the proceedings, and to permit a substitution of her counsel. In a Memorandum Sur Order, issued August 20, 1973, we denied petitioner's motions. This order was appealed by petitioner to the Second Circuit Court of Appeals, which reversed and remanded the matter to us for further factual and legal determinations bearing upon the merits of petitioner's motions. A hearing on such matters was held on March 7, 1975.
FINDINGS OF FACT
Petitioner and Bob filed joint Federal income tax returns for the taxable years 1966 and 1967. The major portion of the gross income reported therein had been earned by Bob. Petitioner, an actress, was unsophisticated in income tax and legal matters and had left the handling of the joint income tax returns entirely to Bob. Bob, in turn, had the returns prepared by Harold Newman, an attorney1976 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 119">*121 and C.P.A.
At some point in late 1970, Bob and Newman advised petitioner that the Internal Revenue Service had determined material deficiencies in the 1966 and 1967 joint returns of petitioner and Bob, and that it would be necessary to contest these determinations in court. Linda was asked to sign the petition to be filed in the United States Tax Court, and she did so.
Meanwhile, in September 1971, petitioner brought an action against Bob for support and alimony, and later that year sought an annulment of their marriage. In these marital proceedings Bob was represented by Newman and petitioner was represented by Harold Sachs and Henry Bushkin.
The trial of the Tax Court case on the 1966 and 1967 joint income tax deficiencies was scheduled for June 1972. A few months prior to the trial date, while the marital litigation between petitioner and Bob was still pending, Newman contacted petitioner to advise her that the tax case was to be tried and that she would have to be a witness. At approximately the same time petitioner was told the same thing by Bob. Neither Newman nor Bob discussed the details of the case with petitioner, and at this point petitioner viewed the matter1976 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 119">*122 as essentially Bob's concern, since Bob had always handled income tax matters. A few days before the trial Newman again called petitioner to advise her of the exact time and place of trial, at which she was to appear as a witness. Newman did not discuss with petitioner in advance of trial the testimony which she was to give.
During the course of the trial petitioner began to feel "unprotected" and "alone" as she observed Bob and Newman conferring on various matters. At this time petitioner's marital litigation against Bob was still pending, and Newman had been representing Bob in those matters. Thus, in the marital litigation, petitioner and Newman were adversaries, even though Newman purported to represent both Bob and petitioner in the tax litigation. Newman had assured petitioner that the marital litigation and the income tax litigation were entirely different matters and that as to the tax litigation, he could properly represent both petitioner and Bob. However, during a recess in the Tax Court trial, petitioner telephoned her attorney in the marital litigation, Henry Bushkin. Bushkin, who had previously known nothing about petitioner's Tax Court case, did not believe1976 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 119">*123 that Newman could adequately represent petitioner's interests, since he was essentially Bob's attorney. However, Bushkin was about to leave on a trip and was unable to appear at the Tax Court proceedings that day to assist petitioner. He advised her not to take the witness stand without her own attorney present. If she should be compelled to testify, he advised her to preface her testimony with a statement explaining that the validity of her marriage to Bob was currently being contested.
Petitioner eventually did testify and did advise the Court of the pending litigation in which the validity of the marriage was in question. At the time she made such statement, Newman stated that he did not think that it was relevant, and he proceeded with his questions on direct examination.
On January 12, 1973, the Supreme Court of the State of New York declared the marriage of petitioner and Bob to be a nullity.
On April 18, 1973, this Court rendered its opinion 1 sustaining the deficiencies determined by respondent in the joint returns of Bob and petitioner for 1966 and 1967. Decision was entered April 27, 1973.
When petitioner returned1976 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 119">*124 from Europe in May of 1973 she learned of the adverse decision in the Tax Court case, as a result of which substantial sums of money were now owing, and she realized, perhaps for the first time, that the matter had serious financial implication for her, and not just for Bob. Thereupon she retained her own counsel to represent her in the income tax matter. In July 1973 her new counsel filed the motions (which are the subject of the instant proceeding) to vacate the prior decision and reopen proceedings.
OPINION
Petitioner's motion to reopen proceedings herein is for the purpose of permitting her income tax liability to be recomputed on an individual return basis, rather than through the joint return originally filed with Bob, since petitioner's marriage to Bob has been declared null and void
1976 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 119">*125 The granting or denial of petitioner's motions is a matter of judicial discretion. Rule 50(b), Rules of Practice and Procedure, United States Tax Court.
Petitioner was not knowledgeable or sophisticated in income tax or legal matters. She relied1976 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 119">*126 almost exclusively upon Bob to handle their income tax returns during the years prior to their annulment. (She testified that she was not even aware that it was possible for married couples to file separate returns.) Moreover, since her income as an actress was relatively insignificant in relation to Bob's income, and since Bob generally managed their financial affairs, she had always assumed that the payment of income taxes was basically Bob's responsibility. This view of things persisted even through the original litigation in this Court of the deficiencies determined by respondent for 1966 and 1967,
Ordinarily such naivete would not be sufficient grounds for reopening a case on the basis of lack of adequate representation by counsel. See
In opposing petitioner's motions herein, respondent refers to numerous circumstances and events prior to the original decision in this case which, he alleges, should have caused petitioner to retain her own independent counsel. Most, if not all, of such circumstances and events are reflected1976 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 119">*128 in our Findings of Fact herein. However, as we view the circumstances, taken as a whole, and considering petitioner's lack of sophistication in legal and tax matters, we cannot conclude that petitioner should be foreclosed from asserting her rights at this time because of her earlier failure to retain independent counsel. The critical fact is that petitioner was unaware of the significance of independent counsel, particularly in light of Newman's assurances that separate counsel was not necessary. It was Newman's conflict of interests, rather than any fault or neglect on petitioner's part, which precluded her raising the separate return issue before the original decision was entered herein. 3
Accordingly, petitioner's motions to vacate the original decision, reopen proceedings, and substitute counsel are granted.
We turn now to the merits of petitioner's contentions in the reopened proceedings. Petitioner1976 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 119">*129 contends that her income tax liability for the years 1966 and 1967, although originally determined in joint returns filed with Bob, should now be recomputed on the basis of separate returns for each year. Petitioner relies upon
Where a State court, in a proceeding in which there is personal jurisdiction of the parties or jurisdiction of the subject matter of the action, declares a prior divorce to be invalid, the Internal Revenue Service will usually follow the later court decision rather than the prior divorce decree for Federal tax purposes. In this regard the Service will not follow the decisions in the cases of the
In the instant situation, since petitioner's marriage to Bob was declared a nullity by a New York court in 1973, under the foregoing ruling petitioner should be treated as if she had been a single person1976 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 119">*130 for tax purposes in 1966 and 1967.
The effect of state court decrees in domestic relations litigation upon the determination of marital status for Federal tax purposes has been the subject of several recent cases. In
1976 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 119">*131 Moreover, respondent in the instant case has not denied the continued general applicability of the positions stated in
Accordingly, we hold that petitioner should be permitted to recompute her income tax liability for the years 1966 and 1967 on an individual return basis.
Footnotes
1.
T.C. Memo. 1973-92↩ .2. All section references are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, as amended.↩
3. In this connection, it should be particularly noted that when petitioner at the original trial attempted to apprise the Court of the pending litigation over the validity of her marriage to Bob, Newman immediately stated that such matter was
not relevant.↩ 4. In fact, the courts in both
Estate of Goldwater v. Commissioner, F.2d (2d Cir., June 29, 1976), affg.64 T.C. 540">64 T.C. 540 (1975); andEstate of Wesley A. Steffke, F.2d (7th Cir., June 24, 1976), affg.64 T.C. 530">64 T.C. 530 (1975), take pains to distinguish (2d Cir. 1965), revg.Borax' Estate v. Commissioner, 349 F.2d 666">349 F.2d 66640 T.C. 1001">40 T.C. 1001 (1963), cert. denied383 U.S. 935">383 U.S. 935 (1966); and (2d Cir. 1965), modifying a Memorandum Opinion of this Court, cert. deniedWondsel v. Commissioner, 350 F.2d 339">350 F.2d 339383 U.S. 935">383 U.S. 935 (1966), both of which the Commissioner specifically declined to follow inRev. Rul. 67-442 . InEstate of Spalding v. Commissioner, F.2d (2d Cir., June 18, 1976), revg. a Memorandum Opinion of this Court, it was held that a New York decree invalidating a Nevada divorcedid not↩ prevent the divorced husband from being the surviving spouse of a woman he had subsequently married and lived with in California until her death. However, in this case the decree invalidating the prior divorce was not deemed controlling because it was not issued in the state in which the decedent was domiciled at death.