Docket No. 2403. | B.T.A. | Feb 23, 1926
Lead Opinion
This appeal involves the construction of section 201 of the Revenue Act of 1918, and particularly paragraph (b)-thereof, in the light of the decision of the Supreme Court in Eisner v. Macomber, 252 U.S. 189" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1919-04-16" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/eisner-internal-revenue-collector-v-macomber-99541?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="99541">252 U. S. 189; 40 Sup. Ct. 189; 3 Am. Fed. Tax Rep. 3020. This section, so far as it is material to this appeal, provided:
Seo. 201. (a) That tke term “ dividend ” wken used in tkis title * * * means (1) any distribution made by a corporation, \ * * to its shareholders or members, whether in cash or in other property or in stock of the corporation, out of its earnings or profits accumulated since February 28, 1913, * * *.
(b) Any distribution shall be deemed to have been made from earnings or profits unless all earnings and profits have first been distributed. Any distribution made in the year 1918 or any year thereafter shall be deemed to have been made from earnings or profits accumulated since February 28, 1913, * * *; but any earnings or profits accumulated prior to March 1, 1913, may be distributed in stock dividends or otherwise, exempt from the tax, after the earnings and profits accumulated since February 28, 1913, have been distributed.
(c) A dividend paid in stock of the corporation shall be considered income to the amount of the earnings or profits distributed. * * *.
The determination of the appeal turns upon the proper interpretation of the words “ any distribution ” in paragraph (b) of this
These provisions of the 1918 Act are substantially similar to those of the Revenue Act of 1916, as amended by the Revenue Act of 1917, which provided:
Seo. 31. (a) That the term “ dividends ” as used in this title shall he held ■to mean any distribution made or ordered to be made by a corporation, joint-stock company, association, or insurance company, out of its earnings or profits accrued since March first, nineteen hundred and thirteen, and payable to its shareholders, whether in cash or in stock of the corporation, joint-stock company, association, or insurance company, which stock dividend shall be considered income,' to the amount of the earnings or profits so distributed.
(b) Any distribution máde to the shareholders or members of a corporation, joint-stock company, or association, or insurance company, in the year nineteen hundred and seventeen, or subsequent tax years, shall be deemed to have been made from the most recently accumulated undivided profits or surplus, and shall constitute a part of the annual income of the distributee for the year in which received, andr shall be- taxed to the distributee at the rates prescribed by law for the years in which such profits or surplus were accumulated by the corporation, joint-stock company, association, or insurance company, but nothing herein shall be construed as taxing any earnings or profits accrued prior to March first, nineteen hundred and thirteen, but such earnings or profits may be distributed in stock dividends or otherwise, exempt from the tax, after the distribution, of earnings arid profits accrued since March first, nineteen hundred and thirteen, has been made/ This subdivision shall not apply to any distribution made prior to August sixth, nineteen hundred and seventeen, out .of earnings or profits accrued prior to March first, nineteen hundred and thirteen. ^
It was this section of the 1916 Act which was the subject of the decision of the Supreme Court in Eisner v. Macomber, supra. In that case,the court held that a stock dividend is not income, that it distributes no earnings or profits but on the contrary capitalizes such earnings or profits and makes them unavailable for actual distribution. In the course of its reasoning, and as the basis for its decision, the court said, in part:
This, however, is no more than a book adjustment, in essence not a dividend but rather the opposite; no part of the assets of the company is separated from the common fund, nothing distributed except paper certificates that evidence an antecedent increase in the value of the stockholder’s capital interest resulting from an accumulation of profits by the company, * * *. In order to make the adjustment, a charge is made against surplus account with corresponding credit to capital stock account, equal to the proposed*960 “ dividend ”; the new stock is issued against this and the certificates delivered to the existing stockholders in proportion to their previous holdings.
* ⅝ * * S; * *
A “ stock dividend ” shows that the company’s accumulated profits have been capitalized, instead of distributed to the stockholders or retained as surplus available for distribution in money or in kind should opportunity offer. Far from being a realization of profits of the stockholder, it tends rather to postpone such realization, in that the fund represented by the new stock has been transferred from surplus to capital, and no longer is available for actual distribution. ’•
*******
Thus, the Government contends that the tax “ is levied on income derived from corporate earnings,” when in truth the stockholder has “ derived ” nothing except paper certificates which, so far as they have any effect, deny him present participation in such earnings. It contends that the tax may be laid when earnings “ are received by the stockholder,” whereas he has received none; that the profits are “ distributed by means of a stock dividend,” although a stock dividend distributes no profits; that under the Act of 1916 “ the tax is on the stockholder’s share in corporate earnings,” when in truth a stockholder has no such share, and receives none in a stock dividend; that “ the profits are segregated from his former capital, and he has a separate certificate representing his invested profits or gains,” whereas there has been no segregation of profits, nor has he any separate certificate representing a personal gain, since the certificates, new and old, are alike, in what they represent — a capital interest in the entire concerns of the corporation.
* * * * * * *
The Government’s reliance upon the supposed analogy between a dividend of the corporation’s own shares and one made by distributing shares owned by it in the stock of another company, calls for no comment beyond the statement that the latter distributes assets of the company among the shareholders while the former does not; and for no citation of authority except Peabody v. Eisner, 247 U.S. 347" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1918-06-03" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/peabody-v-eisner-99199?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="99199">247 U. S. 347, 349-350.
It is urged on behalf of the taxpayer that the statute laid down a rule of construction by which stock dividends, as well as other dividends, were to be deemed to distribute the earnings and profits of the corporation to the extent thereof, and that this construction is not affected by the decision in Eisner v. Macomber, supra, which passed upon the constitutionality of a tax upon stock dividends as income and did not pass upon the right of Congress to provide, as a matter of construction, that stock dividends should be deemed to distribute earnings and profits. Congress, it is urged, had the right and power to declare that a stock dividend should be deemed for the purpose of the Act to be a distribution of earnings and profits, and a distribution of earnings and profits accumulated subsequent to February 28, 1913, and its power and right to do this was not at all dependent upon its power to tax a stock dividend as income. The purpose of subdivision (b), it is contended, was to enact an absolute and conclusive rule for the allocation of distributions for the purpose of determining when and under what circumstances
Much of the argument advanced on behalf of the taxpayer may be conceded. The decision of this appeal, as we view it, depends upon the construction to be placed upon the words “ any distribution ” appearing in subdivision (b). For that purpose an examination of the situation existing at the time of the passage of the 1917 and 1918 Acts is proper and helpful.
Prior to the passage of the 1917 Act, amending the 1916 Act, as set out above, the Supreme Court had handed down its decision in the case of Gibbons v. Mahon, 136 U.S. 549" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1890-05-19" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/gibbons-v-mahon-92839?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="92839">136 U. S. 549; 10 Sup. Ct. 1057. In that case the court had before it the allocation of a stock dividend as between life tenant and remainderman of a trust. In the course of its opinion in that case the Supreme Court had occasion to go very thoroughly into the question of the character of a stock dividend. It quoted with approval the opinion of the court below to the effect-that—
A dividend is something with which the corporation parts, but it parted with nothing in issuing this new stock. It simply gave a new evidence of ownership which already existed.
and from Williams v. Western Union Telegraph Co., 93 N.Y. 162" court="NY" date_filed="1883-10-02" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/williams-v--western-union-telegraph-co-3582684?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3582684">93 N. Y. 162, as follows:
A stock dividend does not distribute property, but simply dilutes the shares as they existed before.
deferring to the resolution voting th§ stock dividend, the court states:
The resolution is clearly an apportionment of the new shares as representing capital, and not a distribution or division of income.
At the time the 1917 Act was under discussion in Congress, there was much, doubt whether a stock dividend distributed any profit of the corporation so as to render the recipient subject to an income tax thereon. The District Court for the Southern District of New York, in Towne v. Eisner, 242 F. 702" court="S.D.N.Y." date_filed="1917-06-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/towne-v-eisner-8803505?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8803505">242 Fed. 702; 1 Am. Fed. Tax Rep. 811, had decided that stock dividends were taxable, and that case was pending before the Supreme Court on a writ of error. Prior to the. date when the 1918 Act was drafted and introduced into Congress as a bill, the Supreme Court had reversed the District Court in Towne v. Eisner, holding that a stock dividend was not income, and quoting from and
Towne v. Eisner arose under the 1913 Act, which did not specifically provide for the taxation of stock dividends. The Commissioner interpreted the decision of the Supreme Court as passing upon the construction of the 1913 Act, and not upon the constitutionality of a tax on stock dividends as income. 'Prior to the introduction in Congress of the Revenue Bill of 1918, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, in Macomber v. Eisner, had decided that the 1916 Act, expressly providing that stock dividends were subject to income tax in the hands of the recipient, was unconstitutional with respect to such provision, basing its decision upon the decision of the Supreme Court in Towne v. Eisner, supra. At the time that the 1918 Act was under discussion in Congress, the Macomber case was pending before the Supreme Court on a writ of error.
In this state of uncertainty, no one could say with authority whether a stock dividend was taxable or whether it distributed any of the property of a corporation to its stockholders. It was in such circumstances that the 1918 Act was drafted and enacted, and it is in the light of such circumstances that the Act must be construed.
Two purposes clearly appear in the 1918 Act: (1) The earnings of a corporation accumulated after February 28, 1913, were to be subject to tax when distributed to stockholders, and (2) stock dividends were to be taxed to the extent to which they distributed such profits.
It must be assumed that the persons responsible for the drafting of the 1918 Act were familiar with the decisions in Gibbons v. Mahon, supra; Towne v. Eisner, supra; and Macomber v. Eisner, supra. At best, it was doubtful whether the second purpose of Congress (to tax stock dividends) could be accomplished. The Supreme Court had already declared that the declaration of a stock dividend was not a distribution or division of the income of the corporation as between life tenant and remainderman. The word “distribution ” used in the Act appears to have been deliberately chosen in the light of the language used by the court in Gibbons v. Mahon, supra, either to include- or exclude a stock dividend, dependent upon, whether or not such a dividend was a distribution. Nowhere in the Act are the words “ any distribution ” defined. Nowhere is a stock dividend stated to be a distribution. The Act .assumes that a stock dividend is a distribution of property by a corporaion to its stockholders. It is only if this assumption be correct that a stock dividend is to be deemed to be made from earnings and profits
It is contended that the 1918 Act, while not defining the words “ any distribution,” plainly intended that a stock dividend should be included within those words. It is our opinion that the Act had the twofold purpose mentioned above, and that the words “ any distribution ” were intended by the draftsman of the Act and by Congress to include only what the words import, namely, a distribution of property by a corporation to its stockholders, and that, a stock dividend having been held not to be a distribution of property by a corporation to its stockholders, it does not fall within the word or intent of the statute.
Taxpayer cites the provisions of section 1402 of the Revenue Act of 1918 providing:
Sec. 1402. That if any clause, sentence, paragraph, or part of this Act shall for any reason be adjudged by any court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, such judgment shall not affect, impair, or invalidate the remainder of this Act, but shall be confined in its operation to the clause, sentence, paragraph, or part thereof directly involved in the controversy in which such judgment has been rendered;
and contends that the decision in Eisner v. Macomber invalidated the attempt to tax a stock dividend as income, but that it affects no other provision of the statute. Admitting this to be so, it is of no avail unless we find that the Act includes a stock dividend within the words “ any distribution.” We have pointed out above that the words “ any distribution ” are not defined, and that, in our opinion, the words were intended to include only what was in fact a distribution, leaving it for the courts to determine what was and what was not included within that term. Entirely aside from the decision that so much of the law as taxes a stock dividend as income is unconstitutional, the Supreme Court has pointed out that a stock dividend does not, in fact, distribute any property, and for that reason such a dividend does not, we believe, fall within the words “ any distribution.”
It is further urged on behalf of the taxpayer that a stock dividend converts the surplus of the corporation into capital and that, under the Act, it must be assumed that it is the most recently accumulated earnings or surplus that are to be converted. So to construe the Act would defeat the very purpose of Congress to tax all distributions of property made by a corporation to its stockholders to the extent of the earnings or profits accumulated after February 28, 1913. Congress, having power to tax all dividends irrespective of whether paid from earnings accumulated subsequent or prior to March 1, 1913 (Lynch v. Hornby, 247 U.S. 339" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1918-06-03" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/lynch-v-hornby-99198?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="99198">247 U. S. 339, 38 Sup. Ct. 543,