*1 UN I TE D S T A TE S D I S T R I C T C OU R T F O R T H E D I S T R I C T O F N E W J E R S E Y A LE XAND E R A R S E NAU LT T R E N T ON C il A ti N : 01854
P OO L R OQU E D E L A F U E N TE , S U P E R S E D I NG M E M O R ANDU M P ti ff , AND O R D E R R AN T I NG P L A I N T I FFS ’ M O T I ON v. F O R S U MM R Y J UDG M E N T ( E C F NO AND D E NY NG T AH E HA AY n h ff l ca s D E F E NDAN T S M O T ON F O R y o f f N w U M M R Y J U DG M E N T ( E F N O ) J y , D ndu up M ndu O d on il 2021 E F N pu is a by oy ee f
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P on und § N w w J : 1) ng no ng p titi on l ca n p o b w y tl y ’ r mm udg ’ ) I. R & L HISTORY ho liti e a o p ace
t e ca nd i a t ’ n a e t h e a ll o t i n a c l o d p i m a l ec ti . ee N J . S t a t . nn . § 19 : 23 - 11 . P i n ti ff e t w o c i c l t o fr o m M a ss ac hu tt a nd x a , a nd on e a nnoun ce d ca nd i a t e f o r P i t o f e it , w ho ll g e t t t e i c qu i t f o r no i n ti on p titi on c i c o i o i r c tit ti l i gh t t o ng g e i n c o e po liti ca l p eec , ss o c i e w it h vo , ec ll acce ss f o r r ca nd , po liti ca l c ng , c hoo e o t ff ec ti nn c mm un ca po liti ca l w ( p ¶ 32 ) . p ec f ca ll y , ll e p l ca nd ho do no n o e a n ss c w it h J y oun ff lt f nd ng e a it ss e a c p no titi n . f il t i n il ee k un li f o D f ’ nu f ce ” f : - ( 1, 1). l gu t t m n pp li f , h v. ec ‘y F. pp x 97 ( 3d ) y 2016 D K gno ’ ov o d ss e ca und R. )( ss n d gu t it ss s s ny b eca ) e c tit l gh t liti ss (id. y o v liti y o gn by ong t i gu y p on p ss nd b t acce (id. 19). is no kno hod by
When the complaint was filed, Kim Guadagno was the Lt. Governor and Secretary of the State New Jersey. In 2018, she was replaced as Defendant in this matter by current Secretary State Tahesha Way. (ECF Nos. 42, 43). *3 p a r t y a ff ili a ti on o ou t o f- s t a t e r s i d n t s e l a i n ti ff s w it h i n t h e s t a t u t o r y ti m fr a m . (I d . a t 18 )
F ll w i ng o r a l a r gu m n t , t e ou r t d i s m i ss d t h s e w it h p r j ud i . ( F o . 24 ) L ook i ng a t ca s e l a w fr m t e c i r it ou r t s , it on l ud d t a t t e r i r m n t t ll ec t , 000 i gn a t r fr r g i t r d vo t r s t s a m p a r t y a s t e p r s i d n a l i d a t , w it n ss d by a r g i r d r i d n , w t r bu r d n pp ea p r i m r y b a ll , a nd a t “ ’ n t i n p ec ng e a ss i i gh m m b nd i n it f m l ec gn t go l . ” T ou ’ O on 2 1 , , I t t t ’ t i n p d ng nd fr udu l b t m pu l on “ ou w gh e a dv e e ff ec W il oo , ” a nd t t ff “ till oy b e a lt ea t i ng e a pp op nu b gn ” (I t , it ee nd v aca , ng ’ t “ e c t t fr ng f- e c ’ F t gh ” on 14 W il , 731 F pp ’ x r ny gov it y it y d vo upho e c lli 731 F pp x t H it un eac a c on b eca e e ec d h t t gu ill i y ” ng B ., v. CC )) y eca o ss d no n oppo un o p ce uppo *4 c o m p e lli ng i n t e r e s t , s u c h a s i n c i d e n ce s o f fr a ud o o t h e r c ondu c t t h a t t h e l a w w a s i n t e e d t o p r v n t Id.
F u r t r , t r e w a s “ no b a s s upon w c h t o d t r m e w h t h t h e J r s l a w p r oh iti r s r , ou o f- s t e vo t r s fr o c r c u l ti ng no m ti on p titi on s s rr o w l y il o r d o p r o ec t t e S ’ s r . ” Id. e r d C r c u it d ub itti o a s ’ j u r c ti on s n lt r ti v hod o ac v e gov r ’ s ob j ec ti v ce il o h oo l bo h ee d o ub it t o J r ’ s j u r c ti f o pu r po o f nv ti ti ng o r p ec u ti fr ud , s y b u c t t ee t t S s go l Id. I ph ze d t t S u ho t t opo d l ss c e a lt ti l ss ti n ho n o ny Id. B eca f ac u l d uppo h , ss l pp op Id. cee d o d ov y b f H on oug l E. , U . M . I ob r ss ov d f mm udg ( E C F , ) , f f nd l gu ou d bo on y 22 E F itt n it k o und pu ac f xp nd op e e (I e e x no r on o “ ss l ” (I ) l phon itt a upp l pu on o pu pu ” d y on lt xp ce a nd kno dg a c ee a ee t pu h o lt in s J y 2020 d ee F *5 N o . 72 ) . T p a ti s e e t e d t a e C ou t on e r t e r r o ss - m o ti on s f o r s mm a r y j udg a ec ond ti b a d upon upp l m d f ac a l ec o .
R E C O R D T f ac a l ec o s o p d o f ( 1 ) S a s O f U nd pu d F ac s fr o m e a l o - o ti on s f o r mm a udg ( E C F N o . 55 - 2 , 57 , 59 - 1 ) ; ( 2 ) a S upp l a l J o t S O U nd pu F ac s J un 29 , 2020 ( E C F N o . 68 ) ; ( 3 ) D ec l a a ti s o f A l x nd r A lt ( E C F N o . 72 ) nd L ce O tt r ( E C F N o . 73 ) J l y 23 , 2020 ; ( 4 ) D f nd ’ s pon o J l y 23 , 2020 d ec l ti s A ugu 3 , 2020 ( E C F N . 74 ) ; ( 5 ) a upp l J S ti pu ti O U nd pu F ac s d on ugu 25 , 2020 ( E N 75 ) nd upp l l tt , ff , xh b it itt d by p ti s pon ou ti s fr F b y 17 , 2021 h s F b y 24 , 2021 J ud l N ti ce ( E F 78 80 ) F r a p t i po ac s fr do T T U T R Y F & E R K
B b ac kg ound ec ogn ze o po liti ca l p ti — pub li ca D — h ho d p ec ti o no nd r l ec ee D onn a B b r D p B b r D p ” : 19 556 . d p kno nd p nd L b ogn ze po liti ca l y nd h e a ss o p ace nd ca nd on b r a l B b r D : ac e “ po liti ca l y ” a onn a B up r r D D on o f B : pu ac ¶ ny pub li c ce ud e a gn on o og n oppo r y o d ngu ong r f on o r ng o liti : *6 p a t y m u s ece i e t n p o f t h e t o t a l vo t s ca s t i n a n ec ti on h l o r a ll m m b s o f t h e a l A ss m b y . ( B a b r D p . 13 : 9 - 13 ) ; N . J . S t a t . A nn . § 19 : 1 - 1
A ca nd i a t e w ho w i s h s t o a pp ea r on t h e b a o t i n a p i m a ec ti on m u s b e no m i a t d by m m b s o f h i s o r h r po liti ca l p a t t h ough a p titi on . N . J . S t a t . A nn . § 19 : 23 - 5 ; s ee a s o § 19 : 5 - 1 . h e p titi on m a e t h a t t h e i gn s t h o f ( 1 ) r s i e i n a nd a e a li i d vo t s o f N J y ; ( 2 ) a e m m b f h e ca nd i a s po liti ca l p a a nd i nd o a ff ili a e w h a t p t t e e on ; ( 3 ) ndo e e p on n n h e p titi on r no i on a a p l ca ; nd ( 4 ) r t t t t f e ca nd b p d on e ff l p y b f r po liti ca l p . N . S . nn . § 19 : 23 - 7 ( ee a o . f on on titi on upp S p f x B ( N on P titi on ” N 68 - 2 ) . a e e p titi on b gn d by t l ea 1 , h vo nn § : : 3 gn p nd gn r nd p ov r dd ss on e no on p titi ee on titi on tt r on ho titi on r acc ny ng ze ff it t ) / titi nd b r e liti l e ca / vo s s gn titi b t kno dg gn vo nd b ong e liti § : ee a B : ; titi n qu : h p titi ll d by h o ff on by it ho eac h p titi ud a ho gn bo gn h d b e a on qu d und n o e e “State law does not require that all voters sign a single petition; rather, a candidate may present one or more petition forms as long as the aggregate number signatures (1,000) indorse his or her nomination. N.J. Stat. Ann. 19:23- 10.
affiant personally circulated the petition; that the petition is signed by each of the signers thereof in his proper handwriting; that the signers are to the best knowledge and belief of the affiant legal voters of the State or political subdivision thereof, as the case may be, as stated in the petition, belong to the political party named in the petition; and that the petition is prepared and filed in absolute good faith for the sole purpose of indorsing the person or persons therein named, in order to secure his or their nomination or selection as stated in such petition. The person who circulates the petition shall be a registered voter in this State whose affiliation is of the same political named in the petition.
N.J. Stat. Ann. § 19:23-11 (emphasis added). Central to this case is the requirement that the petition circulator be a registered voter in New Jersey. According to the State, this requirement is important because
New Jersey has no ready method to verify the party affiliation of an out-of-state presidential candidate, so instead, it verifies the party affiliation of the presidential nominating petition circulator. Although New Jersey has the ability to request voter information from another state, it does not have a way to ensure the information will be forthcoming within the ten day time period between the last day to file a presidential nominating petition and the date the Secretary of State must certify the candidates.
(Def.’s Reply Br. 1, ECF No. 61; see also Barber Dep. 15:5 16:13, 40:4-25). So, the focus of the Court’s inquiry is to determine whether the residency requirement for circulators in N.J. Stat. Ann. § 19:23-11 is an unconstitutional violation of free speech as applied to plaintiffs.
New Jersey’s election laws set forth procedures designed to ensure an orderly and secure election process. The Division of Elections (“the Division”) typically makes nomination petitions available during the December or January before the primary election, which is held in June. (Barber Dep. 26:20-21). However, circulators may use or create any form that meets the requirements of the State’s election laws and may begin collecting signatures before the Division distributes its form. (Barber Dep. 26:24 -- 27:7). Nomination petitions must be submitted no later than 64 days before the primary election. N.J. Stat. Ann. 19:23-14. The Secretary of *8 State must then certify within 10 days the names of the candidates who shall appear on the primary ballot and their respective political parties to the county clerks. N.J. Stat. Ann. § 19:23- 21.
Once the nomination petition is filed, the Division verifies the political registration of the circulators, but not each individual signatory, via the Statewide Voter Registration System (SVRS). (Barber Dep. 20:7-13); N.J. Stat. Ann. § 19:31-31. According to Supervisor Barber, signatures collected by a circulator who is not a registered voter in New Jersey will be deemed null and void by the Division and will not count toward the 1,000 signatures needed to place a presidential candidate’s name on the primary election ballot. (Barber Dep. 20:14-21).
Before New Jersey implemented SVRS, circulators’ registration statuses were not verified by the State but, rather, remained open to legal challenge or prosecution.5 (Barber Dep. 32:12-20).
The nomination of a person to public office may he contested if, among other things, the nomination petition was “not filed in good faith or the affidavit annexed thereto [was] false or defective.” N.J. Stat. Ann. § 19:29-1. It is a third-degree crime to commit fraud regarding the certificate of nomination or petition. N.J. Stat. Ann. § 19:34-2.
II.
PARTIES AND FACTS Plaintiffs are two self-described professional petition circulators — Arsenault and Pool -- and one announced presidential candidate — De La FuenteP According to Plaintiffs, a
Making a false oath, affirmation, or statement about one’s registration or residency is a fourth-degree crime; indorsing a candidate from a party to which one does not belong is a fourth-degree crime. N.J. Stat. Ann. § 19:4- 4.7; 19:34-2; 19:34-12. See also N.J. Stat. Ann. 19:34-26. The original plaintiffs in the case were Plaintiffs Shawn Wilmoth (circulator), Trenton Pool (circulator), Signature
Masters, Inc. (circulator firm), and Benezet Consulting LLC (circulator firm). In 2018, Plaintiffs amended their complaint to include circulator Alexander Arsenault and presidential candidate Roque De La Fuente as plaintiffs and *9 o ss l titi on c o r s n nd du l w ho i s i d by a liti ca l ca nd i d o o ll ec d nu r o f gn s n o d r ec ll o acce ss o r e ca nd d nd w ho d s j it y o f s o o fr o titi on ec . o f on P oo l ¶ 9, E F E F ¶ 7 12 ) . nnoun ce d p l ca nd s a ca nd d e ce f U it n h / il a f nd ac it h on ss ) ff x nd lt i g c n M ss hu tt ¶ J ) H e c titi il it (Id. ¶ 13, ) A it fr m ng p titi ng p titi on d (Id. ¶ n 2020 d p titi on nnoun d p nd W illi on i bb n (Id. ¶ 18, H r f titi n n o n qu lt ll ill it nd dd eac gn (Id. ¶ og ss yp y ho a c pbo remove Wilmoth. (ECF Nos. 42, 43). Plaintiff Trenton Pool remained. During oral argument before the Third Circuit, appellants conceded that Signature Masters, Inc. and Benezet Consulting LLC did not have interests at stake in the litigation and, therefore, their First Amendment rights need not be considered on remand. Wilmoth, 73 1 F. App’x at 100 n.3.
Arsenault and Pool describe themselves and the independent contractors who they retain as “professional circulators.” The use the word “professional” is illusory in the sense that it conjures up some extraordinary education, experience, andlor a certificate expertise a particular subject matter issued by reputable institution. Here, no such education, experience, or acknowledgement expertise is alleged. Therefore, the use of the word “professional” is a self-described attribute. So, “professional circulator” is used loosely in the text. The reader should take this into consideration.
signatures while the professional circulator does the talking. (ECF No. 57 ¶ 61). Independent contractors who collect signatures for Arsenault earn between $1.50 and $10.00 per signature, and resident witnesses earn between $12 and $15 per hour. (Id. ¶J 58, 65). Arsenault charges clients approximately $2.50 more per signature if a state has a residency requirement for circulators, which covers the additional cost of paying resident witnesses and the organizational strain of managing a more cumbersome process. (Id. ¶J 59-60). That translates to an additional $2,500 for a petition that requires 1,000 signatures. Arsenault estimates he would charge approximately $15,000 to run a petition drive in New Jersey. (Id. at ¶ 70-71).
Further, based on his personal experience in other states, Arsenault claims that ninety percent of the people who respond to his advertisements for the position of resident witness do not have the skills or motivation to successfully complete a petition drive and, even after being trained, are not as effective or reliable as professional circulators. (ECF No. 75 ¶J 27-32, 34). For example, recruited residents often prefer to work fewer hours, do not want to work in cold or hot weather, prefer to sit or stand rather than walking through crowds, and frequently do not show up for work.8 (Id.).
Arsenault estimates that a professional circulator typically collects between 300 and 500 signatures in one week, while a recruited resident typically collects between 200 and 300 signatures. (ECF No. 57 ¶ 66). These inefficiencies increase the cost of conducting a nomination petition drive in New Jersey which, according to Arsenault, deters presidential candidates from seeking ballot access in the State and/or prevents him from circulating petitions The Court does not accept this statement as true — it is a broad and unfair characterization about the work ethic of New Jersey citizens.
for the candidates of his choice. (ECF No. 75 ¶J 36). In the past, he has transferred the extra costs of hiring in-state residents to his clients’ campaigns. (ECF No. 55-2 ¶ 71).
Plaintiff Trenton Pool, a Texas resident affiliated with the Texas Republican Party, also derives the vast majority of his income as a “professional” circulator. (ECF No 57 ¶ 9-12; ECF No. 80-5 ¶ 10). In 2016 and 2020 he circulated petitions for numerous candidates, including Ted Cruz, Donald Trump, Carly Fiorina, Jill Stein, and Gary Johnson. (ECF No. 80-5 ¶ 6). He intended to circulate nomination petitions in New Jersey for at least one Republican presidential candidate in 2016 but, due to the residency requirement, could not do so because he was unable to find any resident willing to serve as a witness. (ECF No 57 ¶ 13; Second Am. Compi. ¶ 21).
In 2020, Roque De La Fuente contracted Pool and his firm, Benezet Consulting, LLC, to circulate petitions to place his name on the 2020 Republican primary ballot in New Jersey. (ECF No. 80-5 ¶ 19). Because he is not a New Jersey resident and could not find any residents to serve as witnesses, Pool was unable to circulate petitions on De La Fuente’s behalf. (Id. ¶J 21-22).
Arsenault and Pool intend to circulate nominating petitions for primary elections in the future. (Second Am. Compi. ¶ 25; ECF No. 75 ¶ 18-19). Both are willing to submit to the jurisdiction of New Jersey — for the purpose of investigating election fraud — as a condition of being permitted to circulate petitions within the state. (ECF No. 55-2 ¶J 7, 13). Arsenault has also provided proof of his registration with the Democratic Party in Massachusetts. (ECF No. 62-1). Neither Arsenault nor Pool have ever been accused of committing any form of petition fraud. (ECF No. 75 ¶ 22; ECF No. 80-5 ¶ 23). Both have chosen to be professional circulators because they believe ballot access is an iñlportant part of the democratic process. (ECF No. 75 ¶ 17; ECF No. 80-5 ¶ 18).
Plaintiff De La Fuente, a California resident, was an announced presidential candidate for the 2016 Democratic Party nomination; however, he appeared on New Jersey’s 2016 general election ballot as an independent candidate with a slogan of the American Delta Party, not the Democratic Party. (ECF No. 57 ¶J 15-17; ECF No. 80; FEC Form 1, ECF No. 80-1). He was also an independent presidential candidatç in the 2016 and 2020 general elections. (ECF No. 57 ¶ 16-17; ECF No 80). In 2017, De La Fuente became a registered member of the Republican Party and intended to employ Arsenault, Pool, and other circulators to circulate nomination petitions on his behalf for the 2020 Republican presidential primary election. (ECF No. 57 ¶ 18, 20). He was an announced candidate for the 2020 Republican Party presidential nomination, but he did not submit a nominating petition to run as a Republican presidential candidate in the 2020 New Jersey primary election. (Id. ¶ 19; ECF Na. 75 ¶ 1; FEC Form 2, ECF No. 80-2). He did not appear on the 2020 New Jersey presidential primary ballot because Pool — his contracted circulator — could neither circulate petitions in New Jersey himself, as a non-resident, nor find in state registered witnesses to gather the required signatures.9 (ECF Nos. 80; 80-5 ¶J 2 1-22).
Defendant Way is New Jersey’s Secretary of State and heads the Division of Elections. (ECF No. 57 ¶ 2 1-22). As such, she is the chief election official in New Jersey. (Id. ¶ 23). Nominating petitions for candidates for state and federal office are filed with Way. (Id. ¶ 25). In the present matter, she is charged with enforcing the challenged residency requirement in N.J. Stat. Ann. 19:23-11. (Id. ¶24).
Defendant is not aware of any instances of signature fraud related to nominating petitions in New nor is she aware of any professional petition circulator firms within the State.
Bewilderingly, no party even suggests this outcome occurred due to lack of voter support. This is a questionable fact that I will accept as true; but instances of alleged fraud have occurred. See, e.g., Malt Arco, AG should investigate Murphy challengerforfraud after she was tossedfrom balloi election official says, *13 (ECF No. 55-2 ¶J 52-5 3). Further, Defendant is not aware of any communication from either the Republican or Democratic parties indicating that they wish to limit the circulation of nomination petitions to registered party members. (Id. ¶ 54). The Board of Elections is unaware of having received any complaints about the number of signatures required to be placed on the ballot from presidential candidates seeking nomination in New Jersey’s primary election. (ECF ¶ 3).
LEGAL STANDAiu
SUMMARY JUDGMENT
A motion for summary judgment should be granted only if “there is no genuine dispute as
to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(a). “A factual dispute is ‘genuine’ if the ‘evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return
a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Razak v. Uber Techs., Inc.,
DISCUSSION
Ju1UsDICTION
This Court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. 1331 and 1343. Under 28 U.S.C. § 1331, district courts have original jurisdiction over civil actions arising under the United States Constitution; here, Plaintiffs allege the slate law in question violates their First and Fourteenth NJ.COM (April 14, 2021), https://www.nj.com/news/202 1/04/ag-asked-to-investigate-possible-fraud-by-murphy- challenger-tossed-from-ballot.html; Rodrigo Torrejon & Sophie Nieto-Munoz, Kanye West’s presidential bid in N.J challenged as lawyer says hundreds ofsignatures are invalid, NJ.coM (Jul 29, 2020), signatures-are-invalid.html.
Amendment rights. Plaintiffs bring this suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, whose jurisdictional
counterpart is 28 U.S.C. § 1343(a)(3). Lynch v. Household Fin. Corp.,
STANDING
Federal courts may only adjudicate live cases or controversies. Common Cause f
Pennsylvania v. Pennsylvania,
The Court finds that both Arsenault and Pool have established standing. As an initial matter, Arsenault and Pool allege they represent announced presidential candidates. An announced candidate is one who has filed a Statement of Candidacy with the Federal Election Commission (“FEC”) — this demonstrates a candidate’s interest in conducting a campaign to seek election to the Office of President.’1
Arsenault suffered an injury in fact because New Jersey’s residency requirement jeopardizes his ability to circulate petitions for candidates of his choice by increasing the cost and time required to conduct petition drives. Because he makes a living from circulating petitions, the financial impact of the residency requirement is greater to the extent that it
This raises an unresolved question regarding when standing is established. While candidates may file with the FEC two to three years before a primary election — thus indicating their intent to run a presidential campaign — many drop out before or during the months leading up to the election. Therefore, filing a Statement of Candidacy with the FEC may be somewhat aspirational in terms of establishing a prospective candidate’s genuine interest in running for President of the United States. Here, there is nothing in the record that shows the candidate(s) in question were viable candidates during the months preceding the New Jersey primary election.
interferes with his ability to retain clients. Further, during oral argument on February 17, 2021, he explained that he has had difficulty finding enough local witnesses to accompany his professional circulators in New Jersey. Arsenault’s alleged injury was caused by the residency requirement, and is “capable of repetition yet evading review” because he intends to circulate petitions for future New Jersey primary elections. See Nebraska Press Ass ‘n v. Stuart, 427 U.s. 539, 546 (1976). Finally, the injury is redressable by the relief requested in Plaintiffs’ motion.
Similarly, Pool has demonstrated an injury in fact because it was allegedly infeasible for him to circulate a nominating petition in New Jersey due to the residency requirement. He also intended to circulate petitions for candidates in 2016 and 2020— and was specifically hired by De La Fuente in 2020 — but was unable to do so because he is not a New Jersey resident and could not find any local witnesses. Arsenault and Pool have shown causation and rëdressability without demonstrating any extraordinary effort (like calling party officials, for instance) to meet the residency requirement.
De La Fuente suffered an injury in fact when he was unable to appear on the New Jersey ballot for the Republican primary election in 2020. His injury is related to Trenton Pool’s inability to circulate nomination petitions on his behalf due to New Jersey’s residency requirement. Because he intends to run for president in future elections, his injury would be redressable by the relief requested in Plaintiffs’ motion.
JUDICIAL SCRUTINY
The Third Circuit determined that strict scrutiny is warranted in this case because the
residency requirement for circulators restricts core political speech. Wilmoth,
“ [ W ] n G ov r n m n t d f a r gu on on eec h a m n r d r ss t r m r v t c d h r m , it m . . . on r t t r ec it d h r m r r , no t r c on j r , r gu w ill i n f ac ll v r n r t nd w . ” T r , 512 U . S . 664 ( quo n W , 731 F . pp x 103 - 04 ) T , on g it y o on p ce ss “ n g nu j op dy n n ee d o d by ” qu . S ee 664 65 . E n , gov nno bu n ll e eec h n ece r [ it ] g iti . ” v. R k g R , 491 . 781 , 799 ( 1989 )
R I R I ON AND R I E C Y R E QU I R E E T R E C E E T it e c w r r s ny , lt hough O ho e ca ce n it r ( 1 ) ll ng w gov iti r r ndu m titi , n no ng p titi , r ( 2 ng gov ng no ough by ee v. B , 545 F . 3d 459 , 475 76 ( 6 h C 2008 ) ( iti v. B , 531 F . 3d 1028 , 1035 - 36 ( h C 2008 ) ; L v. R , 232 F . 3d 135 , 148 ( 2d C 2000 ) ; K ov v. R dnou 226 F . 3d 851 , 86 1 62 ( h C )) ee a L y o V v. udd , 718 F 3d 308 314 h ) ; Y L I v. 550 F 3d 1023 1028 v. F 3d 1236 44 h I & ndu v. ae 3d 614 ll x k do n b eca rr y *17 il r e d o i e v e a c p e lli ng i n e r e . S ee udd , 718 F . 3d t 3 18 - 19 ; S a v a e , 550 F . 3d
1023 t 1030 3 1 ; B e ll , 545 F . 3d t 476 ; B r e e r , 531 F . 3d t 1037 - 38 ; e r , 292 F . 3d t 1243 44 L r n , 232 F . 3d t 149 ; dnou r , 226 F . 3d t 865 .
I ae r , y c r c u it c ou r t d i i t uph d a r i d n c y r qu i r n t r c u , gh h c u it d r e a lt r n v n v il non -r d n mm un ca v n iti v , t D ko ’ n t i n p v n ng fr ud j d t oh it d non d fr ng nd v y ng p titi on gn . 241 F . 3d t 617 . I tl y , D ko lli ng t i n v ng fr ud by po ng t i h ov 17 , 000 gn nv li d du o un rr gu ” nvo v o ou f- . . . T it y qu , bu t it S ce ng d ov . W il 731 F . pp ’ x . ee a B eze lti ng , LL C . B oo kv , 433 F . upp 3d 670 689 ( M D ) ee P P y . 89 F . upp . 3d 723 , ff’ F upp 3d 681 ( D .
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